Abstract
Background
Dietary phenolic compounds intake have been reported to have an inverse relationship to the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of caffeic acid (CFA) and chlorogenic acid (CGA) on rats fed with high cholesterol diet (HCD).
Methods
Experimental animals were fed with high cholesterol diet (HCD) for a period of 21 days while simvastatin (0.2 mg/kg BWT), CFA and CGA (10 and 15 mg/kg BWT) were administered daily.
Results
Activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and arginase were significantly (P<0.05) higher in the rats fed with HCD alone. Also, level of malondiadehyde equivalent compounds (MDA) was significantly (P<0.05) elevated in hypercholesterolemic rats. Nevertheless, treatment with simvastatin, CFA and CGA normalized altered AChE, BChE and arginase activities as well as improved antioxidant status in hypercholesterolemic rats.
Conclusion
CFA and CGA could offer protective role in hypercholeseterolemic rats via their antioxidant potentials as well as restoring altered activity of acetylcholinesterase, butrylcholinesterase and arginase. Based on our findings chlorogenic acid exhibits better attribute.
Research funding: None declared.
Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.
Competing interests: The funding organization(s) played no role in the study design; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; or in the decision to submit the report for publication.
Informed consent: Informed consent was obtained from all individuals included in this study.
References
1. Garcia-Garcia, G, Luquin-Arellano, VH, Padilla-Ocha, R, Lepe-Murillo, LM. Ibrra-Hernandez, M. Kangen-karyu extract on diet induced hypercholesterolemia in rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2006;29:760–5. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.29.760.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
2. Kaliora, AC, Dedoussis, GVZ, Schmidt, H. Dietary antioxidants in preventing atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2006;187:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.11.001.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
3. Chen, Z, Peto, R, Collins, R, MacMahon, S, Lu, J, Li, W. Serum cholesterol concentration and coronary heart disease in population with low cholesterol concentrations. BMJ 1991;303:276–2. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.303.6797.276.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
4. Grundy, SM. Cholesterol and coronary heart disease: a new era. JAMA 1986;256:2849–58. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1986.03380200087027.Search in Google Scholar
5. Adefegha, SA, Oboh, G, Adefegha, OM, Boligon, AA, Athayde, ML. Antihyperglycemic, hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective and antioxidative effects of dietary clove (szyzgium aromaticum) bud powder in a high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetes rat model. J Sci Food Agric 2014;94:2726–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.6617.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
6. Agunloye, OM, Oboh, G. Caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid: Evaluation of antioxidant effect and inhibition of key enzymes linked with hypertension. J Food Biochem 2018. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.12541.Search in Google Scholar
7. Vajreswari, A, Rupalatha, M, Rao, PS. Effect of altered dietary n) 6-to-n) 3 fatty acid ratio on erythrocyte lipid composition and membrane-bound enzymes. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 2002;48:365–0. https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.48.365.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
8. Akinyemi, AJ, Thomé, GR, Morsch, VM, Bottari, NB, Baldissarelli, J, de Oliveira, LS, et al. Dietary supplementation of ginger and turmeric rhizomes modulates platelets ectonucleotidase and adenosine deaminase activities in normotensive and hypertensive rats. Phytother Res 2016;1–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5621.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
9. Chung, JH, Moon, J, Lee, YS, Chung, HK, Lee, SM, Shin, MJ. Arginase inhibition restores endothelial function in diet induced obesity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014;451:179–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.07.083.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
10. Kok, FJ, van Poppel, G, Melse, J, Verheul, E, Schouten, EG, Kruyssen, DH et al. Do antioxidants and polyunsaturated fatty acids have a combined association with coronary atherosclerosis? Atherosclerosis 1991;86:85–0. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9150(91)90101-8.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
11. Bok, SH, Lee, SH, Park, YB, Bae, KH, Son, KH, Jeong, TS et al. Plasma and hepatic cholesterol and hepatic activities of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase and acyl CoA:cholesterol transferase are lower in rats fed citrus peel extract or a mixture of citrus bioflavonoids. J Nutr 1999;129:1182–5. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/129.6.1182.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
12. Guo, X, Wang, O, Wang, Y, Wang, K, Ji, B, Zhou, F. Phenolic acids alleviate high-fat and high-fructose diet-induced metabolic disorders in rats. J Food Biochem 2017;e12419. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.12419.Search in Google Scholar
13. Castellari, M, Sartini, E, Fabiani, A, Arfelli, G, Amati, A. Analysis of wine phenolics by high-performance liquid chromatography using a monolithic type column. J Chromatogr A 2002;973:221–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01195-0.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
14. Oboh, G, Agunloye, OM, Adefegha, SA, Akinyemi, AJ, Ademiluyi, AO. Caffeic and chlorogenic acids inhibit key enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes (in vitro): A comparative study. JBCPP 2015;26:165–0. https://doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp-2013-0141.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
15. Oboh, G, Agunloye, OM, Akinyemi, AJ, Ademiluyi, AO, Adefegha, SA. Comparative study on the inhibitory effect of caffeic and chlorogenic acids on key enzymes linked to Alzheimers disease and some pro-oxidant induced oxidative stress in Rats Brain-In Vitro. Neurochem Res 2013;38:413–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-012-0935-6.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
16. Challis, BC, Bartlett, CD. Possible cocarcinogenic effects of coffee constituents. Nature (Lond) 1975;254:532–3. https://doi.org/10.1038/254532a0.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
17. Koshihara, Y, Neichi, T, Murota, S, Lao, A, Fujimuto, Y, Tatsuno, T. Caffeic acid is a selective inhibitor for leukotriene biosynthesis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1984;792:92–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-2760(84)90287-x.Search in Google Scholar
18. Agunloye, OM, Oboh, G, Ademiluyi, AO, Ademosun, AO, Akindahunsi, AA, Oyagbemi, A, et al. Cardio-protective and antioxidant properties of caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid: Mechanistic role angiotensin converting enzyme, cholinesterase and arginase activities in cyclosporine induced hypertensive rats. Biomed Pham 2019;109:450–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.044.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
19. Ellman, GL, Courtney, KD, Andres, V, Featherstone, RM. A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity. Biochem Pharmacol 1961;7:88–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(61)90145-9.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
20. Kaysen, GA, Strecker, HJ. Increased arginase activity levels caused by nitric oxide synthase dysfunction. N Engl J Med 1973;323:1234–8. https://doi.org/10.3858/emm.2012.44.10.068.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
21. Nelson, DP, Kiesow, LA. Enthalpy of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by catalase at 25°C (with molar extinction coefficients of H2O2 solutions in UV. Anal Biochem 1972;49:474–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(72)90451-4.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
22. Aebi, H. Catalase in vitro. Methods Enzymol.1984;105:121–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0076-6879(84)05016-3.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
23. Ohkawa, H, Ohishi, N, Yagi, K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem 1979;95:351–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(79)90738-3.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
24. Gornall, AG, Bardawill, CJ, David, MM. Determination of serum proteins by means of the biuret reaction. J Biol Chem 1949;177:751–66. https://doi.org/10.1159/000219790.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
25. Roberts, CK, Barnard, RJ, Liang, KH, Vaziri, ND. Effect of diet on adipose tissue and skeletal muscle VLDL receptor and LPL: Implications for obesity and hyperlipidemia. Atherosclerosis 2002;161:133–1. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9150(01)00622-0.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
26. Pytel, E, Bukowska, B, Koter-Michalak, M, Olszewska-Banaszczyk, M, Gorzelak-Pabi´s, P et al. Effect of intensive lipid-lowering therapies on cholinesterase activity in patients with coronary artery disease. Pharmacol Rep 2017;68:334–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharep.2016.09.016.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
27. Alcantara, VM, Chautard-Freire-Maia, EA, Scartezini, M, Cerci, MS, Braun-Prado, K, Picheth, G. Butyrylcholinesterase activity and risk factors for coronary artery disease. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2002;62:399–4. https://doi.org/10.1080/00365510260296564.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
28. Vanheel, B, Voorde, JV. Evidence against the involvement of cytochrome P450 metabolites in endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization of the rat main mesenteric artery. J Physiol 1997;501:331–1. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.1997.331bn.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
29. Collins, P, Rosano, GMC, Sarrel, PM, Ulrich, L, Adamopoulos, S, Beale, CM, et al. 17 beta-estradiol attenuates acetylcholine induced coronary arterial constriction in women but not men with coronary heart disease. Circulation 1995;92:24–0. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.92.1.24.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
30. Johnson, FK, Peyton, KJ, Liu, XM, Azam, MA, Shebib, AR, Johnson, RA et al. Arginase promotes endothelial dysfunction and hypertension in obese rats. Obesity 2015;23:445–2. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20969.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
31. Tang, WH, Wang, Z, Cho, L, Brennan, DM, Hazen, SL. Diminished global arginine bioavailability and increased arginine catabolism as metabolic profile of increased cardiovascular risk. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;53:2061–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2009.02.036.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
32. Kim, OY, Lee, SM, Chung, JH, Do, H J, Moon, J, Shin, MJ. Arginase I and the very low-density lipoprotein receptor are associated with phenotypic biomarkers for obesity. Nutrition 2012;28:635–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2011.09.012.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
33. Griendling, KK, Fitzgerald, GA. Oxidative stress and cardiovascular injury. Part II: animal and human studies. Circ Res 2003;108:2034–0. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.0000093661.90582.c4.Search in Google Scholar
© 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
