Abstract
Introduction
Mizaj or temperament is a main concept in Persian Medicine (PM), which the process of diagnosis, treatment and preventive prescriptions are developed based on it. In this study, the articles written on the concept of Mizaj were reviewed.
Method
Credited electronic resources, including Pubmed, Scopus, Cochrane Library and web-of-science were searched using keywords Temperament, Mizaj, Mizadj, Midzaj and Mezaj (with the concept of Mizaj in Persian and/or Greek medicine). Search results were limited to English articles, published in 1995–2017. The articles in which temperament had the psychoanalytic aspect or was based on Ayurveda or Chinese/Korean medicine were removed. A team of four PM experts evaluated the method and the results.
Results
Among the total of 32 articles were published in this field, 14 were review articles, 2 were on animal subject, 14 were on human subject and 2 were surveys for designing questionnaire for people’s Mizaj assessment. Most of review studies were just new versions of ancient Persian texts translated into English and the innovations on the subject were few. Studies on animal subject and developing questionnaires were also limited. In some human studies, use of standard questionnaires and homogenous methodology in Mizaj assessment was not considered.
Conclusions
It seems that studies on temperaments have increased in the past few years but are still at the forefront. In human studies a homogenous method for evaluating temperament has not been used and some of them failed to address the main concept of Mizaj in PM. Therefore, it is necessary to use the original category of Mizaj and to design standard method.
Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
Research funding: None declared.
Employment or leadership: None declared.
Honorarium: None declared.
Competing interests: The funding organization(s) played no role in the study design; in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; or in the decision to submit the report for publication.
References
[1] Ingelman-Sundberg M. Personalized medicine into the next generation. J Intern Med 2015;277:152–4.10.1111/joim.12325Search in Google Scholar
[2] Pavelic K, Pavelic SK, Sedic M. Personalized medicine: the path to new medicine. New York: Springer International Publishing, 2016.10.1007/978-3-319-39349-0Search in Google Scholar
[3] Mojahedi M, Naseri M, Majdzadeh R, Keshavarz M, Ebadini M, Nazem E, et al. Reliability and validity assessment of Mizaj questionnaire: a novel self-report scale in Iranian traditional medicine. Iran Red Crescent Med J 2014;16:e15924.10.5812/ircmj.15924Search in Google Scholar
[4] Ko M, Lee J, Yun K, You S, Lee M. Perception of pattern identification in traditional medicine: a survey of Korean medical practitioners. J Traditional Chin Med 2014;34:369–72.10.1016/S0254-6272(14)60104-7Search in Google Scholar
[5] Naseri M, Rezaeizadeh H, Taheripanah T, Naseri V. Temperament theory in the iranian traditional medicine and variation in therapeutic responsiveness, based on pharmacogenetics. J Islam Iran Tradit Med 2010;1:237–42.Search in Google Scholar
[6] Elsagh M, Fartookzadeh M, Adibi P, Amini Behbahani F, Kamalinejad M. Basic temperament among patients with functional constipation. Iran J Public Health 2015;44:1438–9.Search in Google Scholar
[7] Patwardhan B, Warude D, Pushpangadan P, Bhatt N. Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine: a comparative overview. Evidence-Based Complementary Altern Med 2005;2:465–73.10.1093/ecam/neh140Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[8] Lakhotia S. Translating Ayurveda’s Dosha-Prakriti into objective parameters. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2014;5:176.Search in Google Scholar
[9] Strelau J. The history and understanding of the concept of temperament. In: Temperament: a psychological perspective. Boston, MA: Springer Science & Business Media, 1998.Search in Google Scholar
[10] Chae H, Lee S, Park S, Jang E, Lee S. Development and validation of a personality assessment instrument for traditional korean medicine: sasang personality questionnaire. Evidence-Based Complementary Altern Med 2012;2012. Article ID 657013.10.1155/2012/657013Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[11] DeLisi M, Vaughn M. Foundation for a temperament-based theory of antisocial behavior and criminal justice system involvement. J Crim Justice 2014;42:10–25.10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2013.11.001Search in Google Scholar
[12] Zargaran A. Ancient Persian medical views on the heart and blood in the Sassanid era (224–637 AD). Int J Cardiol 2014;172:307–12.10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.01.035Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[13] Ali S, Islam R, Alam M. A scientific corelation between blood groups and temperaments in Unani medicine. Indian J Traditional Knowl 2007;6:319–23.Search in Google Scholar
[14] Fatma N, Ali T, Naaz S. Temperamental analysis in case of menorrhagia in reproducive age group. Int Res J Pharm 2012;9:146–9.Search in Google Scholar
[15] Shahabi S, Hassan Z, Mahdavi M, Dezfouli M, Rahvar M, Naseri M, et al. Hot and cold natures and some parameters of neuroendocrine and immune systems in traditional Iranian medicine: a preliminary study. J Altern Complementary Med 2008;14:147–56.10.1089/acm.2007.0693Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[16] Gir AA, Namdar H, Emaratkar E, Nazem E, Minaii MB, Choopani R. Avicenna’s view on the prevention of thrombosis. Int J Cardiol 2013;166:274–5.10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.09.151Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[17] Parvizi MM, Salehi A, Nimroozi M, Hajimonfarednejad M, Amini F, Parvizi Z. The relationship between body mass index and temperament, based on the knowledge of traditional Persian medicine. Iran J Med Sci 2016;41:14.Search in Google Scholar
[18] Miraj S, Alesaeidi S, Kiani S. A systematic review of the relationship between dystemprament (sue Mizaj) and treatments and management of diseases (Ilaj and Eslah-e-Mizaj). Electron Physician 2016;8:3378.10.19082/3378Search in Google Scholar
[19] Jaladata AM, Atarzadeh F, Moeini R, Ghobadi A, Sadeghpour O. Relationship between temperaments of herbal diuretics and their effects based on Avicenna’s teaching. Iran J Pharm Res 2017;16:227–8.Search in Google Scholar
[20] Chess S. Temperament: theory and practice. Oxfordshire: Routledge, 2013.10.4324/9780203766170Search in Google Scholar
[21] DeLisi M, Vaughn M. Temperament as a biosocial construct for understanding antisocial behavior. Oxfordshire: Routledge Press., 2014.10.4324/9781315858449-22Search in Google Scholar
[22] Alizadeh M, Khadem E, Aliasl J. Diagnosis protocol of stomach distemperament for clinical practice in iranian traditional medicine: a narrative review. Iran J Public Health 2017;46:877.Search in Google Scholar
[23] Hoosen M. Temperament–an important principle for health preservation in Tibb an-Nabawi and Unani-Tibb. Bangladesh J Med Sci 2017;16:487–95.10.3329/bjms.v16i4.33600Search in Google Scholar
[24] Miraj S, Kiani S. A scientific correlation between dystemprament in Unani medicine and diseases: a systematic review. Electron Physician 2016;8:3240.10.19082/3240Search in Google Scholar
[25] Kopaei R, Khajegir A, Kiani S. The association between dystemperament and prevention of diseases: a systematic review. J Clin Diagn Res: JCDR 2016;10:YE01.Search in Google Scholar
[26] Mojahedi M, Mozaffarpur S, Saghebi R. The review of indices of Mizaj-e-Damagh (Temperament of brain) identification in Persian medicine. J Babol Univ Med Sci 2016;18:71–9.Search in Google Scholar
[27] Vahedi A, Zamani M, Mojahedi M, Mozaffarpur S, Saghebi R, Mououdi M. Role of anthropometric dimensions of human body in identifying temperament in traditional Persian medicine. J Babol Univ Med Sci 2016;18:24–33.Search in Google Scholar
[28] Zeinalian M, Eshaghi M, Naji H, Marandi SM, Sharbafchi MR, Asgary S. Iranian-Islamic traditional medicine: an ancient comprehensive personalized medicine. Adv Biomed Res 2015;4:191.10.4103/2277-9175.166151Search in Google Scholar
[29] Parvinroo S, Kamalinejad M, Sabetkasaei M. Pharmacological concepts of temperament in Iranian traditional medicine. Iran J Public Health 2014;43:1463–5.Search in Google Scholar
[30] Minae M, Soltani S, Besharat M, Karimi F, Nazem E. Temperament determination for melatonin: a bridge from Iranian traditional to modern sleep medicine. Afr J Traditional Complementary Altern Med 2013;10:340–2.10.4314/ajtcam.v10i2.20Search in Google Scholar
[31] Jabin F. Guiding tool in Unani Tibb for maintenance and preservation of health: a review study. Afr J Traditional Complementary Altern Med 2011;8:140–3.10.4314/ajtcam.v8i5S.7Search in Google Scholar
[32] Ardekani MR, Rahimi R, Javadi B, Abdi L, Khanavi M. Relationship between temperaments of medicinal plants and their major chemical compounds. J Traditional Chin Med=Chung I Tsa Chih Ying Wen Pan 2011;31:27–31.10.1016/S0254-6272(11)60006-XSearch in Google Scholar
[33] Jackson WA. A short guide to humoral medicine. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2001;22:487–9.10.1016/S0165-6147(00)01804-6Search in Google Scholar
[34] Zendehboodi Z. Association of glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 polymorphisms and temperament. Mol Biol Res Commun 2017;6:95–100.Search in Google Scholar
[35] Jafarnejad F, Mojahedi M, Shakeri M, Sardar M. Effect of aerobic exercise program on premenstrual syndrome in women of hot and cold temperaments. J Babol Univ Med Sci 2016;18:54–60.Search in Google Scholar
[36] Kamali M, Khodadoost M, Heydari M, Tavakoli H, Hajimehdipoor H, Adibi P. The role of syndrome differentiation in the clinical efficacy of Punica granatum on patients with ulcerative colitis. Iran Red Crescent Med J 2017;19:e40810.10.5812/ircmj.40810Search in Google Scholar
[37] Rezadoost H, Karimi M, Jafari M. Proteomics of hot-wet and cold-dry temperaments proposed in Iranian traditional medicine: a network-based study. Sci Rep 2016;6:30133.10.1038/srep30133Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[38] Mirtaheri E, Namazi N, Sargheini N, Heshmati J, Hadi V. Different types of Mizaj (temperament) in relation with body composition in overweight and obese women: Avicenna’s opinion. Indian J Traditional Knowl 2015;14:240–3.Search in Google Scholar
[39] Farsani GM, Movahhed M, Motlagh AD, Hosseini S, Yunesian M, Farsani TM, et al. Is the Iranian traditional medicine warm and cold temperament related to basal metabolic rate and activity of the sympathetic-parasympathetic system? Study protocol. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2014;13:74.10.1186/2251-6581-13-74Search in Google Scholar
[40] Kianmehr M, Tavakolizadeh J, Akbari A, Heydari ST, Masoumzadeh M, Rasekhi H, et al. The effect of consuming food with “Warm” or “Cold” temperaments on students’ mental health and aggression. Shiraz E-Medical J 2014;15:e19736.10.17795/semj19736Search in Google Scholar
[41] Jafari M, Rezadoost H, Karimi M, Mirzaie M, Rezaie-Tavirani M, Khodabandeh M, et al. Proteomics and traditional medicine: new aspect in explanation of temperaments. Complementary Med Res 2014;21:250–3.10.1159/000366118Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[42] Rezapour-Firouzi S, Arefhosseini SR, Mehdi F, Mehrangiz E-M, Baradaran B, Sadeghihokmabad E, et al. Immunomodulatory and therapeutic effects of Hot-nature diet and co-supplemented hemp seed, evening primrose oils intervention in multiple sclerosis patients. Complement Ther Med 2013;21:473–80.10.1016/j.ctim.2013.06.006Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[43] Emtiazy M, Keshavarz M, Khodadoost M, Kamalinejad M, Gooshahgir S, Bajestani HS, et al. Relation between body humors and hypercholesterolemia: an Iranian traditional medicine perspective based on the teaching of Avicenna. Iran Red Crescent Med J 2012;14:133.Search in Google Scholar
[44] Dar FA, Zaidi IH, Sherani F. Physiological variation of serum alkaline phosphatase level in damawi and balghami males in a sample population. Indian J Traditional Knowl 2011;10:741–4.Search in Google Scholar
[45] Ansari AH, Zulkifle M, Ali M. An analytical study of concordance between Mizaj and diseases in adult patients of NIUM hospital, Bangalore. Anc Sci Life 2010;30:7–11.Search in Google Scholar
[46] Parvinroo S, Naghibi F, Zahediasl S, Kamalinejad M, Sabetkasaei M. The effects of seeds with hot and cold temperaments on serum thyroid hormones, corticosterone and urine vanillylmandelic acid concentrations of healthy rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2014;156:216–21.10.1016/j.jep.2014.08.026Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[47] Parvinroo S, Zahediasl S, Sabetkasaei M, Kamalinejad M, Naghibi F. The effects of selected hot and cold temperament herbs based on Iranian traditional medicine on some metabolic parameters in normal rats. Iran J Pharm Res: IJPR 2014;13:177.Search in Google Scholar
[48] Roshandel H, Ghadimi F, Roshandel R. Developing and standardization of a structured questionnaire to determine the temperament (Mizaj) of individuals. Indian J Traditional Knowl 2016;15:341–6.Search in Google Scholar
[49] Mozaffarpur SA, Saghebi R, Khafri S, Mojahedi M. An assessment of the agreement between Persian Medicine experts on Mizaj identification. Traditional Integr Med 2017;2:113–18.Search in Google Scholar
[50] Niazi M, Hashempur MH, Taghizadeh M, Heydari M, Shariat A. Efficacy of topical Rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) oil for migraine headache: a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled cross-over trial. Complement Ther Med 2017;34:35–41.10.1016/j.ctim.2017.07.009Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[51] de Vet Hc, Terwee CB, Mokkink LB, Knol DL. Measurement in medicine: a practical guide. Cambridge University Press; 2011 Aug 11.10.1017/CBO9780511996214Search in Google Scholar
© 2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
