Abstract
Notwithstanding, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are one of the most excellent options for different anti-secretory therapy in terms of improved symptomatic outcomes, numerous epidemiological and cohort studies provide evidence of an association between long-term proton PPIs use and increased fracture risk among users. The present attempt aimed to summarize the effect of long-term use of PPIs on musculoskeletal systems by considering the recent claims of different research groups to understand the risk of osteopenia and osteoporosis and to determine the risk factors associated with these complications. We extracted data from various systematic reviews and meta-analyses, cross-sectional studies, prospective studies, case-control studies, cohort studies, and in-vivo and in-vitro studies to observe the consequence of long-term PPIs uses over the patient’s bone health. Recent findings suggested that long-term use of PPIs plays an introductory and cabalistic role in the development of osteoporosis mostly hip fractures by disturbing numerous biological pathways and thus able to set up a link between over-prescription of PPIs and bone loss. Frequent administration of PPIs is associated with a significantly worse outcome to bone mineral density (BMD) profile and produce a negative impression on bone health. Since, there are limited data to determine the association of PPIs use and change in BMD, recommending further studies to find out this dissertation.
Acknowledgments
We are highly indebted to the Pharmacy department, Noakhali Science and Technology University for their support and encouragement. We would like to thank the referees for their insightful comments, critical remarks and constructive suggestions. Figures created in Biorender.com.
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Research funding: None declared.
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Competing interests: Authors state no conflict of interest.
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Informed consent: Not applicable.
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Ethical approval: Not applicable.
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Author contributions: M.S.H developed the conception of the presented idea and developed the theoretical framework; Both M.S.H and T.M. contributed to the final version of the manuscript. M.S.H did the overall supervision and critic review for the manuscript. Authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.
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