Abstract
Food decisions occur very frequently and are influenced by a variety of individual as well as contextual factors. Physical product attributes, including for example, caloric density, water content and sweetness are important drivers of food choice and preferences. However, food products are usually not evaluated solely based on their nutritional content. In addition, most products are packaged and carry abstract attributes, such as quality claims, and brand names. Critically, these product attributes, not products attributes also influence food consumption, reported consumption enjoyment, and product demand. A variety of these marketing actions were shown to alter consumption experiences of otherwise identical products, inducing a so-called marketing placebo effect (MPE). Here, we review studies providing insights into the various behavioral and neural processes underlying the response to these contextual marketing cues. An extensive amount of studies has shown impressive, sometimes peculiar and also disquieting effects of branding, logos, labels and prices on behavioral measures. We will illustrate the plethora of affected behaviors, ranging from increased taste pleasantness ratings for higher-priced wines to enhanced cognitive performance after drinking a higher-priced energy drink, compared to the identical lower-priced counterparts. Credence attributes, such as organic or social sustainability labels, have been gaining relevance in many industrialized countries, and influence product demand and consumption experience. We will therefore introduce studies that systematically investigated the effects of credence claims, elucidate possible mechanisms, and emphasize the negative consequences when misusing such claims. As children are an important and vulnerable target group for marketing actions, we will also specifically present studies conducted in children. These studies highlight the influence of marketing actions on children’s taste perception, product demand, and effort to obtain a certain product. We will shortly introduce the neurobiology of food choices, and present suggested processes underlying MPEs. Converging evidence confirms that MPEs are not a mere result of demand effects, but that they influence the neural responses to products down to a primary somatosensory level. We will show that marketing claims are very effective in influencing expectations and subsequent consumption experience. Therefore, we suggest that public policy interventions may build upon MPE research, and we will provide evidence for this supposition. Throughout this review, we present insights from a variety of different disciplines, including marketing, psychology, neuroscience and nutrition science. Albeit far from exhaustive, this non-systematic review aims at providing a joint perspective from various fields, highlighting that future research endeavor is certainly auspicious.
References
Allison, Ralph I., and Kenneth P. Uhl. 1964. “Influence of Beer Brand Identification on Taste Perception.” Journal of Marketing Research 1 (3):36–9. doi:10.2307/3150054.Search in Google Scholar
Arias-Carrión, Oscar, Maria Stamelou, Eric Murillo-Rodríguez, Manuel Menéndez-González, and Ernst Pöppel. 2010. “Dopaminergic Reward System: A Short Integrative Review.” International Archives of Medicine 3 (October):24. doi:10.1186/1755–7682–3–24.Search in Google Scholar
Ariely, Dan, and Michael I. Norton. 2009. “Conceptual Consumption.” Annual Review of Psychology 60:475–99. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163536.Search in Google Scholar
Armel, Carrie, Aurelie Beaumel, and Antonio Rangel. 2008. “Biasing Simple Choices by Manipulating Relative Visual Attention.“ Judgment and Decision Making 3:396–403.10.1017/S1930297500000413Search in Google Scholar
Atlas, Lauren Y., Robert A. Whittington, Martin A. Lindquist, Joe Wielgosz, Nomita Sonty, and Tor D. Wager. 2012. “Dissociable Influences of Opiates and Expectations on Pain.” The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience 32 (23):8053–64. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0383-12.2012.Search in Google Scholar
Atlas, Lauren Y., and Tor D. Wager. 2012. “How Expectations Shape Pain.” Neuroscience Letters, Neuroimaging of Pain: Insights into normal and pathological pain mechanisms, 520 (2):140–48. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2012.03.039.Search in Google Scholar
Bartra, Oscar, Joseph T. McGuire, and Joseph W. Kable. 2013. “The Valuation System: A Coordinate-Based Meta-Analysis of BOLD fMRI Experiments Examining Neural Correlates of Subjective Value.” NeuroImage 76 (August):412–27. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.02.063.Search in Google Scholar
Beecher, H. K. 1955. “The Powerful Placebo.” Journal of the American Medical Association 159 (17):1602–6.10.1001/jama.1955.02960340022006Search in Google Scholar
Benedetti, Fabrizio, Claudia Arduino, Sara Costa, Sergio Vighetti, Luisella Tarenzi, Innocenzo Rainero, and Giovanni Asteggiano. 2006. “Loss of Expectation-Related Mechanisms in Alzheimer’s Disease Makes Analgesic Therapies Less Effective.” Pain 121 (1–2):133–44. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2005.12.016.Search in Google Scholar
Benedetti, Fabrizio, Helen S. Mayberg, Tor D. Wager, Christian S. Stohler, and Jon-Kar Zubieta. 2005. “Neurobiological Mechanisms of the Placebo Effect.” The Journal of Neuroscience 25 (45): 10390–402. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3458-05.2005.Search in Google Scholar
Berthoud, Hans-Rudolf, Natalie R. Lenard, and Andrew C. Shin. 2011. “Food Reward, Hyperphagia, and Obesity.” American Journal of Physiology – Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 300 (6):R1266–77. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00028.2011.Search in Google Scholar
Block, Jason P., Amitabh Chandra, Katherine D. McManus, and Walter C. Willett. 2010. “Point-of-Purchase Price and Education Intervention to Reduce Consumption of Sugary Soft Drinks.” American Journal of Public Health 100 (8):1427–33. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2009.175687.Search in Google Scholar
Borzekowski, D. L., and T. N. Robinson. 2001. “The 30-Second Effect: An Experiment Revealing the Impact of Television Commercials on Food Preferences of Preschoolers.” Journal of the American Dietetic Association 101 (1):42–6. doi:10.1016/S0002–8223(01)00012–8.Search in Google Scholar
Brownell, Kelly D. 2012. “Thinking Forward: The Quicksand of Appeasing the Food Industry.” PLoS Med 9 (7): e1001254. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001254.Search in Google Scholar
Büchel, Christian, Stephan Geuter, Christian Sprenger, and Falk Eippert. 2014. “Placebo Analgesia: A Predictive Coding Perspective.“ Neuron 81 (6): 1223–39. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.02.042.Search in Google Scholar
Buijzen, Moniek, Joris Schuurman, and Elise Bomhof. 2008. “Associations Between Children’s Television Advertising Exposure and Their Food Consumption Patterns: A Household Diary-Survey Study.” Appetite 50 (2–3):231–9. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2007.07.006.Search in Google Scholar
Cardinal, Rudolf N., John A. Parkinson, Jeremy Hall, and Barry J. Everitt. 2002. “Emotion and Motivation: The Role of the Amygdala, Ventral Striatum, and Prefrontal Cortex.” Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 26 (3):321–52. doi:10.1016/S0149-7634(02)00007-6.Search in Google Scholar
Chandon, Pierre, and Brian Wansink. 2007. “The Biasing Health Halos of Fast-Food Restaurant Health Claims: Lower Calorie Estimates and Higher Side-Dish Consumption Intentions.” Journal of Consumer Research 34 (3):301–14.10.1086/519499Search in Google Scholar
Chandon, Pierre, and Brian Wansink. 2012. “Does Food Marketing Need to Make Us Fat? A Review and Solutions”. Nutrition Reviews 70 (10):571–93. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00518.Search in Google Scholar
Clithero, John A., and Antonio Rangel. 2014. “Informatic Parcellation of the Network Involved in the Computation of Subjective Value.” Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 9 (9):1289–302. doi:10.1093/scan/nst106.Search in Google Scholar
Cowburn, Gill, and Lynn Stockley. 2005. “Consumer Understanding and Use of Nutrition Labelling: A Systematic Review.” Public Health Nutrition 8 (1):21–28.10.1079/PHN2004666Search in Google Scholar
Crum, Alia J., William R. Corbin, Kelly D. Brownell, and Peter Salovey. 2011. “Mind Over Milkshakes: Mindsets, Not Just Nutrients, Determine Ghrelin Response.” Health Psychology: Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association 30 (4):424–9. discussion 430–31. doi:10.1037/a0023467.Search in Google Scholar
Darby, Michael R., and Edi Karni. 1973. “Free Competition and the Optimal Amount of Fraud.” Journal of Law and Economics 16 (1):67–88.10.1086/466756Search in Google Scholar
de Araujo, Ivan E., Edmund T Rolls, Maria Inés Velazco, Christian Margot, and Isabelle Cayeux. 2005. “Cognitive Modulation of Olfactory Processing.” Neuron 46 (4):671–9. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.04.021.Search in Google Scholar
de Droog, Simone M., Patti M. Valkenburg, and Moniek Buijzen. 2011. “Using Brand Characters to Promote Young Children’s Liking of and Purchase Requests for Fruit.” Journal of Health Communication 16 (1):79–89. doi:10.1080/10810730.2010.529487.Search in Google Scholar
Dodds, William B., and Kent B. Monroe. 1985. “The Effect of Brand and Price Information on Subjective Product Evaluations.” Advances in Consumer Research 12:87–90.Search in Google Scholar
Dougherty, M. R., and J. Shanteau. 1999. “Averaging Expectancies and Perceptual Experiences in the Assessment of Quality.” Acta Psychologica 101 (1):49–67.10.1016/S0001-6918(98)00044-4Search in Google Scholar
Dube, Laurette, Antoine Bechara, Alain Dagher, Adam Drewnowski, Jordan LeBel, Philip James, and Rickey Y. Yada. 2010. Obesity Prevention: The Role of Brain and Society on Individual Behavior. Academic Press.Search in Google Scholar
Dulleck, Uwe, and Rudolf Kerschbamer. 2006. “On Doctors, Mechanics, and Computer Specialists: The Economics of Credence Goods.” Journal of Economic Literature 44 (1):5–42.10.1257/002205106776162717Search in Google Scholar
Eippert, Falk, Jürgen Finsterbusch, Ulrike Bingel, and Christian Büchel. 2009. “Direct Evidence for Spinal Cord Involvement in Placebo Analgesia.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 326 (5951):404. doi:10.1126/science.1180142.Search in Google Scholar
Enax, Laura, Yang Hu, Peter Trautner, and Bernd Weber. 2015a. “Nutrition Labels Influence Value Computation of Food Products in the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex.” Obesity 23 (4):786–92. doi:10.1002/oby.21027.Search in Google Scholar
Enax, Laura, Bernd Weber, Maren Ahlers, Ulrike Kaiser, Katharina Diethelm, Dominik Holtkamp, Ulya Faupel, Hartmut H Holzmüller, and Mathilde Kersting. 2015b. “Food Packaging Cues Influence Taste Perception and Increase Effort Provision for a Recommended Snack Product in Children.” Eating Behavior 6:882. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00882.Search in Google Scholar
Everitt, Barry J., and Trevor W. Robbins. 2005. “Neural Systems of Reinforcement for Drug Addiction: From Actions to Habits to Compulsion.” Nature Neuroscience 8 (11):1481–9. doi:10.1038/nn1579.Search in Google Scholar
Fernqvist, Fredrik, and Lena Ekelund Axelson. 2013. “Consumer Attitudes Towards Origin and Organic – the Role of Credence Labels on Consumers’ Liking of Tomatoes.” European Journal of Horticultural Science 78 (4). http://www.ulmer.de/Consumer-Attitudes-towards-Origin-and-Organic-The-Role-of-Credence-Labels-on-Consumers-Liking-of-Tomatoes,QUlEPTM5ODYwMTUmTUlEPTE0MjkmQVJPT1Q9MTUyMDg2JlRFTVBfTUFJTj1TY2llbnRpZmljc19Qb3J0cmFpdC5odG0.html?UID=5E6F7C40DCF1E47DC74486C19E88.Search in Google Scholar
Fillmore, M., and M. Vogel-Sprott. 1992. “Expected Effect of Caffeine on Motor Performance Predicts the Type of Response to Placebo.” Psychopharmacology 106 (2):209–14.10.1007/BF02801974Search in Google Scholar
Fitzgerald, Paul B., Sarah Fountain, and Zafiris J. Daskalakis. 2006. “A Comprehensive Review of the Effects of rTMS on Motor Cortical Excitability and Inhibition.” Clinical Neurophysiology 117 (12):2584–96. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2006.06.712.Search in Google Scholar
French, S. A., R. W. Jeffery, M. Story, K. K. Breitlow, J. S. Baxter, P. Hannan, and M. P. Snyder. 2001. “Pricing and Promotion Effects on Low-Fat Vending Snack Purchases: The CHIPS Study.” American Journal of Public Health 91 (1):112–17.10.2105/AJPH.91.1.112Search in Google Scholar
Goldstein, Robin, Johan Almenberg, Anna Dreber, John W. Emerson, Herschkowitsch Alexis, Katz Jacob, Robin Goldstein, et al. 2008. Do More Expensive Wines Taste Better? Evidence From a Large Sample of Blind Tastings. Journal of Wine Economics 3 (01):1–9. doi:10.1017/S1931436100000523.Search in Google Scholar
Grabenhorst, Fabian, Edmund T. Rolls, and Amy Bilderbeck. 2008. “How Cognition Modulates Affective Responses to Taste and Flavor: Top-Down Influences on the Orbitofrontal and Pregenual Cingulate Cortices.” Cerebral Cortex 18 (7):1549–59. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhm185.Search in Google Scholar
Grolleau, Gilles, and Sandoss BenAbid. 2001. “Fair Trading in Markets for Credence Goods.” Intereconomics 36 (4):208–14. doi:10.1007/BF02929977.Search in Google Scholar
Haber, S. N. 2011. “Neuroanatomy of Reward: A View From the Ventral Striatum.” In Neurobiology of Sensation and Reward, edited by Jay A. Gottfried. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. Frontiers in Neuroscience. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92777/.Search in Google Scholar
Hanks, Andrew S., David R. Just, Laura E. Smith, and Brian Wansink. 2012. “Healthy Convenience: Nudging Students toward Healthier Choices in the Lunchroom.” Journal of Public Health, January, fds003. doi:10.1093/pubmed/fds003.Search in Google Scholar
Hare, Todd A, Colin F. Camerer, and Antonio Rangel. 2009. “Self-Control in Decision-Making Involves Modulation of the vmPFC Valuation System.” Science 324 (5927):646–8. doi:10.1126/science.1168450.Search in Google Scholar
Hare, Todd A., Jonathan Malmaud, and Antonio Rangel. 2011. “Focusing Attention on the Health Aspects of Foods Changes Value Signals in vmPFC and Improves Dietary Choice.” The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience 31 (30):11077–87. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6383–10.2011.Search in Google Scholar
Harris, Jennifer L., Jennifer L. Pomeranz, Tim Lobstein, and Kelly D. Brownell. 2009. “A Crisis in the Marketplace: How Food Marketing Contributes to Childhood Obesity and What Can Be Done.” Annual Review of Public Health 30 (1):211–25. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.031308.100304.Search in Google Scholar
Harris, Jennifer L., Marlene B. Schwartz, and Kelly D. Brownell. 2010. “Marketing Foods to Children and Adolescents: Licensed Characters and Other Promotions on Packaged Foods in the Supermarket.” Public Health Nutrition 13 (3):409–17. doi:10.1017/S1368980009991339.Search in Google Scholar
Hastings, Gerard, Martine Stead, Laura McDermott, Forsyth Alasdair, Anne Marie MacKintosh, Mike Rayner, Christine Godfrey, Martin Caraher, and Kathryn Angus. 2003. “Review of Research on the Effects of Food Promotion to Children: Final Report.” Glasgow, UK.Search in Google Scholar
Heatherton, Todd F., Janet Polivy, and C. Peter. 1989. “Restraint and Internal Responsiveness: Effects of Placebo Manipulations of Hunger State on Eating.” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 98 (1):89–92. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.98.1.89.Search in Google Scholar
Herrnstein, R. J. 1962. “Placebo Effect in the Rat.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 138 (3541):677–78.10.1126/science.138.3541.677Search in Google Scholar
Hoegg, JoAndrea, and Joseph W. Alba. 2007. “Taste Perception: More Than Meets the Tongue.” Journal of Consumer Research 33 (4):490–8.10.1086/510222Search in Google Scholar
Horgen, Katherine Battle, and Kelly D. Brownell. 2002. “Comparison of Price Change and Health Message Interventions in Promoting Healthy Food Choices.” Health Psychology: Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association 21 (5):505–12.10.1037/0278-6133.21.5.505Search in Google Scholar
Huettel, Scott A., Allen W. Song, and Gregory McCarthy. 2014. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 3rd edition. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc.Search in Google Scholar
Igumbor, Ehimario U., David Sanders, Thandi R. Puoane, Lungiswa Tsolekile, Cassandra Schwarz, Christopher Purdy, Rina Swart, Solange Durão, and Corinna Hawkes. 2012. “‘Big Food,’ the Consumer Food Environment, Health, and the Policy Response in South Africa.” PLoS Medicine 9 (7): e1001253. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001253.Search in Google Scholar
Just, David R., Özge Sığırcı, and Brian Wansink. 2014. “Lower Buffet Prices Lead to Less Taste Satisfaction.” Journal of Sensory Studies 29 (5):362–70. doi:10.1111/joss.12117.Search in Google Scholar
Kalita, Jukti K., Sharan Jagpal, and Donald R. Lehmann. 2004. “Do High Prices Signal High Quality? a Theoretical Model and Empirical Results.” Journal of Product & Brand Management 13 (4):279–88. doi:10.1108/10610420410546989.Search in Google Scholar
Keller, Kevin Lane. 2007. Strategic Brand Management: Building, Measuring, and Managing Brand Equity. 3rd International edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.Search in Google Scholar
Kenny, Paul J. 2011. “Reward Mechanisms in Obesity: New Insights and Future Directions.” Neuron 69 (4):664–79. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.02.016.Search in Google Scholar
Kiesel, Kristin, Jill J. McCluskey, and Sofia B. Villas-Boas. 2011. “Nutritional Labeling and Consumer Choices.” Annual Review of Resource Economics 3 (1):141–58. doi:10.1146/annurev.resource.012809.103957.Search in Google Scholar
Kiesel, Kristin, and Sofia B. Villas-Boas. 2007. “Got Organic Milk? Consumer Valuations of Milk Labels after the Implementation of the USDA Organic Seal.” Department of Agricultural & Resource Economics, UCB, March. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/9sx3j5hv.10.2202/1542-0485.1152Search in Google Scholar
Kim, DongHee, and SooCheong Jang. Shawn. 2013. “Price Placebo Effect in Hedonic Consumption.” International Journal of Hospitality Management 35 (December):306–15. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.07.004.Search in Google Scholar
Kleef, Ellen van, Kai Otten, and Hans CM van Trijp. 2012. “Healthy Snacks at the Checkout Counter: A Lab and Field Study on the Impact of Shelf Arrangement and Assortment Structure on Consumer Choices.” BMC Public Health 12 (1):1072. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-1072.Search in Google Scholar
Koenigs, Michael, and Daniel Tranel. 2008. “Prefrontal Cortex Damage Abolishes Brand-Cued Changes in Cola Preference.” Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 3 (1):1–6. doi:10.1093/scan/nsm032.Search in Google Scholar
Kraak, V. I., and M. Story. 2015. “Influence of Food Companies’ Brand Mascots and Entertainment Companies’ Cartoon Media Characters on Children’s Diet and Health: A Systematic Review and Research Needs.” Obesity Reviews: An Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity 16 (2):107–26. doi:10.1111/obr.12237.Search in Google Scholar
Krajbich, Ian, Carrie Armel, and Antonio Rangel. 2010. “Visual Fixations and the Computation and Comparison of Value in Simple Choice.” Nature Neuroscience 13 (10): 1292–98. doi:10.1038/nn.2635.Search in Google Scholar
Krummenacher, Peter, Victor Candia, Gerd Folkers, Manfred Schedlowski, and Georg Schönbächler. 2010. “Prefrontal Cortex Modulates Placebo Analgesia.” Pain 148 (3):368–74. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2009.09.033.Search in Google Scholar
Lee, Leonard, Shane Frederick, and Dan Ariely. 2006. “Try It, You’ll Like It: The Influence of Expectation, Consumption, and Revelation on Preferences for Beer.” Psychological Science 17 (12):1054–8. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01829.x.Search in Google Scholar
Leubuscher, S., W. Hager, C. Wattiez, J. F. Mombru, and E. Liaska. 1998. “Study on Verification and Control of Environmental Product Claims, Final Report by Prospect C&S for DG Health and Consumer Protection.” Final Report by Prospect C&S for DG Health and Consumer Protection. http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/health_consumer/library/surveys/sur08_en.html.Search in Google Scholar
Levine, J. D., N. C. Gordon, and H. L. Fields. 1978. “The Mechanism of Placebo Analgesia.” Lancet (London, England) 2 (8091): 654–57.10.1016/S0140-6736(78)92762-9Search in Google Scholar
Linder, N. S., G. Uhl, K. Fliessbach, P. Trautner, C. E. Elger, and B. Weber. 2010. “Organic Labeling Influences Food Valuation and Choice.” NeuroImage 53 (1):215–20. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.05.077.Search in Google Scholar
Linn, Susan, and Courtney L. Novosat. 2008. “Calories for Sale: Food Marketing to Children in the Twenty-First Century.” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 615 (1):133–55. doi:10.1177/0002716207308487.Search in Google Scholar
Lobstein, T., and S. Dibb. 2005. “Evidence of a Possible Link Between Obesogenic Food Advertising and Child Overweight.” Obesity Reviews: An Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity 6 (3):203–8. doi:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2005.00191.x.Search in Google Scholar
Small, D. M., D. R. Gitelman, M. D. Gregory, A. C. Nobre, T. B. Parrish, and M.-M. Mesulam. 2003. “The Posterior Cingulate and Medial Prefrontal Cortex Mediate the Anticipatory Allocation of Spatial Attention.” NeuroImage 18 (3):633–41. doi:10.1016/S1053–8119(02)00012–5.Search in Google Scholar
McClure, Samuel M., Jian Li, Damon Tomlin, Kim S. Cypert, Latané M. Montague, and P. Read Montague. 2004. “Neural Correlates of Behavioral Preference for Culturally Familiar Drinks.” Neuron 44 (2):379–87. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.09.019.Search in Google Scholar
Morton, Gregory J., Thomas H. Meek, and Michael W. Schwartz. 2014. “Neurobiology of Food Intake in Health and Disease.” Nature reviews. Neuroscience 15 (6):367–78. doi:10.1038/nrn3745.Search in Google Scholar
Moser, Riccarda, Roberta Raffaelli, and Dawn D. Thilmany. 2011. “Consumer Preferences for Fruit and Vegetables with Credence-Based Attributes: A Review.” International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 14 (2). https://ideas.repec.org/a/ags/ifaamr/103990.html.Search in Google Scholar
Murphy, Kevin G., Waljit S. Dhillo, and Stephen R. Bloom. 2006. “Gut Peptides in the Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis.” Endocrine Reviews 27 (7):719–27. doi:10.1210/er.2006–0028.Search in Google Scholar
Müller, T. D., R. Nogueiras, M. L. Andermann, Z. B. Andrews, S. D. Anker, J. Argente, R. L. Batterham, et al. 2015. “Ghrelin.” Molecular Metabolism 4 (6):437–60. doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2015.03.005.Search in Google Scholar
Nitschke, Jack B., Gregory E. Dixon, Issidoros Sarinopoulos, Sarah J. Short, Jonathan D. Cohen, Edward E. Smith, Stephen M. Kosslyn, Robert M. Rose, and Richard J. Davidson. 2006. “Altering Expectancy Dampens Neural Response to Aversive Taste in Primary Taste Cortex.” Nature Neuroscience 9 (3):435–42. doi:10.1038/nn1645.Search in Google Scholar
No, Elizabeth, Bridget Kelly, Anandita Devi, Boyd Swinburn, and Stefanie Vandevijvere. 2014. “Food References and Marketing in Popular Magazines for Children and Adolescents in New Zealand: A Content Analysis.” Appetite 83 (December):75–81. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2014.08.013.Search in Google Scholar
Ogden, C. L., M. D. Carroll, B. K. Kit, and K. M. Flegal. 2014. “PRevalence of Childhood and Adult Obesity in the United States, 2011–2012.” JAMA 311 (8):806–14. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.732.Search in Google Scholar
Philiastides, Marios G., and Roger Ratcliff. 2013. “Influence of Branding on Preference-Based Decision Making.” Psychological Science 24 (7):1208–15. doi:10.1177/0956797612470701.Search in Google Scholar
Plassmann, Hilke, John O’Doherty, Baba Shiv, and Antonio Rangel. 2008. “Marketing Actions Can Modulate Neural Representations of Experienced Pleasantness.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105 (3):1050–4. doi:10.1073/pnas.0706929105.Search in Google Scholar
Plassmann, Hilke, and Tor Wager. 2014. “How Expectancies Shape Consumption Experiences.” In Interdisciplinary Science of Consumption, edited by Stephanie D. Preston, Morten L. Kringelbach, Brian Knutson, and Peter C. Whybrow, 219–40. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. http://research.insead.edu/2013/08/PlassmannWager.html.10.7551/mitpress/9780262027670.003.0012Search in Google Scholar
Plassmann, Hilke, and Bernd Weber. 2015. “Individual Differences in Marketing Placebo Effects: Evidence from Brain Imaging and Behavioral Experiments.” Journal of Marketing Research 52 (4):493–510. doi:10.1509/jmr.13.0613.Search in Google Scholar
Poldrack, Russell A. 2006. “Can Cognitive Processes Be Inferred from Neuroimaging Data?” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 10 (2):59–63. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.12.004.Search in Google Scholar
Poldrack, Russell A. 2011. “Inferring Mental States from Neuroimaging Data: From Reverse Inference to Large-Scale Decoding.” Neuron 72 (5):692–97. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.11.001.Search in Google Scholar
Porrino, Linda J., Hilary R. Smith, Michael A. Nader, and Thomas J. R. Beveridge. 2007. “The Effects of Cocaine: A Shifting Target Over the Course of Addiction.” Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry 31 (8):1593–600. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.08.040.Search in Google Scholar
Radice, Carol. 2007. “Kid-Friendly Messengers: The Licensed Characters That Children Love Often Do a Better Job Than Parents of Persuading Them to Eat Their Fruits and Vegetables.” Grocery Headquarters 73 (1):63.Search in Google Scholar
Raghunathan, Rajagopal, Rebecca Walker Naylor, and Wayne D. Hoyer. 2006. “The Unhealthy = Tasty Intuition and Its Effects on Taste Inferences, Enjoyment, and Choice of Food Products.” Journal of Marketing 70 (4):170–84.10.1509/jmkg.70.4.170Search in Google Scholar
Rangel, Antonio. 2013. “Regulation of Dietary Choice by the Decision-Making Circuitry.” Nature Neuroscience 16 (12):1717–24. doi:10.1038/nn.3561.Search in Google Scholar
Rangel, Antonio, Colin Camerer, and P. Read Montague. 2008. “A Framework for Studying the Neurobiology of Value-Based Decision Making.” Nature reviews. Neuroscience 9 (7):545–56. doi:10.1038/nrn2357.Search in Google Scholar
Rao, Akshay R., and Kent B. Monroe. 1988. “The Moderating Effect of Prior Knowledge on Cue Utilization in Product Evaluations.” Journal of Consumer Research 15 (2):253–64.10.1086/209162Search in Google Scholar
Rheims, Sylvain, Michel Cucherat, Alexis Arzimanoglou, and Philippe Ryvlin. 2008. “Greater Response to Placebo in Children Than in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis in Drug-Resistant Partial Epilepsy.” PLoS medicine 5 (8):e166. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050166.Search in Google Scholar
Robinson, Thomas N., Dina L. G. Borzekowski, Donna M. Matheson, and Helena C. Kraemer. 2007. “Effects of Fast Food Branding on Young Children’s Taste Preferences.” Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 161 (8):792–7. doi:10.1001/archpedi.161.8.792.Search in Google Scholar
Schuldt, Jonathon P., Dominique Muller, and Norbert Schwarz. 2012. “The ‘Fair Trade’ Effect: Health Halos From Social Ethics Claims.” Social Psychological and Personality Science January, 1948550611431643. doi:10.1177/1948550611431643.Search in Google Scholar
Shiv, Baba, Ziv Carmon, and Dan Ariely. 2005. “Placebo Effects of Marketing Actions: Consumers May Get What They Pay for.” Journal of Marketing Research 42 (4):383–93. doi:10.1509/jmkr.2005.42.4.383.Search in Google Scholar
Sogn-Grundvåg, Geir, Thomas Andre Larsen, and James A. Young. 2014. “Product Differentiation with Credence Attributes and Private Labels: The Case of Whitefish in UK Supermarkets.” Journal of Agricultural Economics 65 (2):368–82. doi:10.1111/1477–9552.12047.Search in Google Scholar
Stice, Eric, Dianne P. Figlewicz, Blake A. Gosnell, Allen S. Levine, and Wayne E. Pratt. 2013. “The Contribution of Brain Reward Circuits to the Obesity Epidemic.” Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews 37 (9 Pt A):2047–58. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.12.001.Search in Google Scholar
Stoeckel, Luke E., Rosalyn E. Weller, Edwin W. Cook, Donald B. Twieg, Robert C. Knowlton, and James E. Cox. 2008. “Widespread Reward-System Activation in Obese Women in Response to Pictures of High-Calorie Foods.” NeuroImage 41 (2):636–47. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.02.031.Search in Google Scholar
Stuckler, David, Martin McKee, Shah Ebrahim, and Sanjay Basu. 2012. “Manufacturing Epidemics: The Role of Global Producers in Increased Consumption of Unhealthy Commodities Including Processed Foods, Alcohol, and Tobacco.” PLoS Med 9 (6): e1001235. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001235.Search in Google Scholar
Szczypka, M. S., K. Kwok, M. D. Brot, B. T. Marck, A. M. Matsumoto, B. A. Donahue, and R. D. Palmiter. 2001. “Dopamine Production in the Caudate Putamen Restores Feeding in Dopamine-Deficient Mice.” Neuron 30 (3):819–28.10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00319-1Search in Google Scholar
Sörqvist, Patrik, Daniel Hedblom, Mattias Holmgren, Haga Andreas, Linda Langeborg, Anatole Nöstl, and Jonas Kågström. 2013. “Who Needs Cream and Sugar When There Is Eco-Labeling? Taste and Willingness to Pay for ‘Eco-Friendly’ Coffee.” PLoS ONE 8 (12):e80719. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080719.Search in Google Scholar
Thaler, H., and C. R. Sunstein. 2008. “Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness.” Constitutional Political Economy 19 (4):356–60. doi:10.1007/s10602-008-9056–2.Search in Google Scholar
Thorndike, Anne N., Lillian Sonnenberg, Jason Riis, Susan Barraclough, and Douglas E. Levy. 2012. “A 2-Phase Labeling and Choice Architecture Intervention to Improve Healthy Food and Beverage Choices.” American Journal of Public Health 102 (3):527–33. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300391.Search in Google Scholar
van den Heuvel, Timon, Hans van Trijp, Cees van Woerkum, Reint Jan Renes, and Bart Gremmen. 2007. “Linking Product Offering to Consumer Needs; Inclusion of Credence Attributes and the Influences of Product Features.” Food Quality and Preference 18 (2):296–304. doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2006.02.001.Search in Google Scholar
Vanderlee, Lana, Samantha Goodman, Wiworn Sae Yang, and David Hammond. 2012. “Consumer Understanding of Calorie Amounts and Serving Size: Implications for Nutritional Labelling.” Canadian Journal of Public Health = Revue Canadienne De Santé Publique 103 (5):e327–31.10.1007/BF03404435Search in Google Scholar
Volkow, Nora D., Gene-Jack Wang, Frank Telang, Joanna S Fowler, Jean Logan, Anna-Rose Childress, Millard Jayne, Yeming Ma, and Christopher Wong. 2006. “Cocaine Cues and Dopamine in Dorsal Striatum: Mechanism of Craving in Cocaine Addiction.” The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience 26 (24):6583–8. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1544–06.2006.Search in Google Scholar
Voudouris, N. J., C. L. Peck, and G. Coleman. 1985. “Conditioned Placebo Responses.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 48 (1):47–53.10.1037/0022-3514.48.1.47Search in Google Scholar
Voudouris, N. J., C. L. Peck, and G. Coleman. 1990. “The Role of Conditioning and Verbal Expectancy in the Placebo Response.” Pain 43 (1):121–28.10.1016/0304-3959(90)90057-KSearch in Google Scholar
Wansink, Brian. 2014. Slim by Design: Mindless Eating Solutions for Everyday Life. 1st ed. New York, NY: William Morrow.Search in Google Scholar
Wansink, Brian, and Pierre Chandon. 2006. “Can ‘Low-Fat’ Nutrition Labels Lead to Obesity?” Journal of Marketing Research 43 (4):605–17. doi:10.1509/jmkr.43.4.605.Search in Google Scholar
Wansink, Brian, David R. Just, Collin R. Payne, and Matthew Z. Klinger. 2012. “Attractive Names Sustain Increased Vegetable Intake in Schools.” Preventive Medicine 55 (4):330–2. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.07.012.Search in Google Scholar
Wansink, Brian, Collin R Payne, and Jill North. 2007. “Fine as North Dakota Wine: Sensory Expectations and the Intake of Companion Foods.” Physiology & Behavior 90 (5):712–16. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.12.010.Search in Google Scholar
Wansink, Brian, and Jeffery Sobal. 2007. “Mindless Eating the 200 Daily Food Decisions We Overlook.” Environment and Behavior 39 (1):106–23. doi:10.1177/0013916506295573.Search in Google Scholar
White House Task Force on Childhood Obesity. 2010. “Solving the Problem of Childhood Obesity within a generation – White House Task Force on Childhood Obesity Report to the President.” www.letsmove.gov/white-house-task-force-childhood-obesity-report-president.Search in Google Scholar
Williams, Kevin W., and Joel K. Elmquist. 2012. “From Neuroanatomy To Behavior: Central Integration of Peripheral Signals Regulating Feeding Behavior.” Nature Neuroscience 15 (10):1350–5. doi:10.1038/nn.3217.Search in Google Scholar
Wright, Scott, Mauro José da Costa Hernandez, Aparna Sundar, John Dinsmore, and Frank R Kardes. 2012. “Effects of Set Size, Scarcity, Packaging, and Taste on the Marketing Placebo Effect.” Advances in Consumer Research 40. http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/v40/acr_v40_12445.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
Youth, Committee on Food Marketing and the Diets of Children and, Board on Children, Youth and Families, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, and Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. 2006. Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity? Washington D.C.: National Academies Press.Search in Google Scholar
©2015 by De Gruyter
