Abstract
Among the pharmaceutical compounds, tetracycline is the second most common group of antibiotics in terms of production and consumption worldwide, which their entrance in to hospital, domestic and industrial wastewaters pollute water sources and environment and finally leads to antibiotic resistance. The aim of this study was to determine the efficiency of electrochemical processes, Fenton, electro-Fenton (EF) and sono-electro-Fenton (SEF) separately and using Graphite (G)/β-PbO2 anode to remove tetracycline from aqueous solutions. First, experiments for the electrochemical process by the response-surface methodology (RSM) using variables including pH (3–9), initial tetracycline concentration (20–100 mg/L), electrolysis time (4–45 min) and current density (0.5–4.5 mA/cm2) was designed and the optimal conditions of these variables were 3.5, 25.6 mg/L, 42.6 min, and 1.98 mA/cm2, respectively. Under the optimal conditions of the electrochemical process, the effect of FeSO4 with values of 0.02-0.08 g/250 mL in the Fenton process and the effect of H2O2 of 0.05–0.5 mg/L in the EF process were investigated, and the optimal values of 0.06 g/250 mL and 0.2 mg/L was obtained for FeSO4 and H2O2, respectively. Under optimal conditions, the removal efficiencies of SEF, EF, sono-electrochemical (SEC), electrochemical, Fenton and ultrasonic processes were 98.8%, 93.6%, 87.9%, 81.3%, 71.6%, and 11.5%, respectively. G/β-PbO2 anode had only 37.5% higher removal efficiency than graphite anode. Under the optimal conditions of SEF process, changes in toxicity reduction by bioassay with E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria were 86% and 58.4%, respectively, and the kinetic study showed that the removal of tetracycline by SEF process with R2=0.9975 followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics. Finally, intermediate compounds obtained from tetracycline analysis were identified using LC-MS analysis.
Funding source: Ardabil University of Medical Sciences
Award Identifier / Grant number: IR.ARUMS.REC.1399.305
Funding source: Ardabil University of Medical Sciences
Award Identifier / Grant number: Unassigned
Acknowledgement
This article is the result of a research project approved by the Student Research Committee of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences with the code: IR.ARUMS.REC.1399.305. I would like to express my gratitude to the Vice Chancellor for Research of the University for the Financial Support of the project and the esteemed officials of the Environmental Chemistry Laboratory of the Faculty of Health.
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Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
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Research funding: None declared.
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Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
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