Abstract
Ethanol was produced using mucilage juice residues from processed cocoa with Pichia kudriavzevii in batch fermentation. Experimental results showed that maximum ethanol concentration was 13.8 g/L, ethanol yield was 0.50 g-ethanol/g glucose with a productivity of 0.25 g/L h. Likewise, a novel phenomenological model based on the mechanism of multiple parallel coupled reactions was used to describe the kinetics of substrate, enzyme, biomass and product formation. Model parameters were optimized by applying the Levenberg-Marquardt approach. Analysis of results was based on statistical metrics (such as confidence interval), sensitivity and by comparing calculated curves with the experimental data (residual plots). The efficacy of the proposed mathematical model was statistically evaluated using the dimensionless coefficient for efficiency. Results indicated that the proposed model can be applied as a way of augmenting bioethanol production from laboratory scale up to semi-pilot scale.
References
Abliz, D., T. Artys, and G. Ziegmann. 2017. “Influence of Model Parameter Estimation Methods and Regression Algorithms on Curing Kinetics and Rheological Modelling.” Journal of Applied Polymer Science 134: 45137.10.1002/app.45137Search in Google Scholar
Andrade, R.R., E.C. Rivera, D.I.P. Atala, R. Maciel Filho, F. Maugeri Filho, and A.C. Costa. 2009. “Study of Kinetic Parameters in a Mechanistic Model for Bioethanol Production through a Screening Technique and Optimization.” Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering 32: 673–680.10.1007/s00449-008-0291-8Search in Google Scholar
Angeli, D., P.E. De Leenheer, and D. Sontag. 2007. “A Petri Net Approach to the Study of Persistence in Chemical Reaction Networks.” Mathematical Biosciences 210: 598–618.10.1016/j.mbs.2007.07.003Search in Google Scholar
Anvoh, K.Y.B., A.B. Zoro, and D. Gnakri. 2009. “Production and Characterization of Juice from Mucilage of Cocoa Beans and its Transformation into Marmalade.” Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 8: 129–133.10.3923/pjn.2009.129.133Search in Google Scholar
Benítez-Olivares, G., F. Valdés-Parada, and J. Saucedo-Castañeda. 2016. “Derivation of an Upscaled Model for Mass Transfer and Reaction for Non-Food Starch Conversion to Bioethanol.” International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 14 (6): 1115–1148.10.1515/ijcre-2016-0004Search in Google Scholar
Bineli, A., J. Thibault, A. Jardini, and M. Filho. 2013. “Ethanol Steam Reforming for Hydrogen Production in Microchannel Reactors: Experimental Design and Optimization.” International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 11 (1): 9–17.10.1515/ijcre-2012-0002Search in Google Scholar
Biscaro Pedrolli, D, A. Costa Monteiro, E. Gomes, and E. Cano Carmona. 2009. “Pectin and Pectinases: Production, Characterization and Industrial Application of Microbial Pectinolytic Enzymes.” The Open Biotechnology Journal 3: 9–18.10.2174/1874070700903010009Search in Google Scholar
Blanco, P., C. Sieiro, and T.G. Villa. 1999. “Production of Pectic Enzymes in Yeasts.” FEMS Microbiology Letters 175: 1–9.10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13595.xSearch in Google Scholar
Blinov, M.L., J. Yang, J.R. Faeder, and W. Hlavacek. 2005. “Graph Theory for Rule-Based Modeling of Biochemical Networks.” Transactions on Computational Systems Biology VII: Lecture Notes in Computer Science 4230: 89–106.10.1007/11905455_5Search in Google Scholar
Bradford, M. M. 1976. “A rapid and sensitive method for quantification of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principles of protein-dye binding.” Analytical Biochemistry 72: 248–254.10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3Search in Google Scholar
Brauner, N., and M. Shacham. 2013. “The Role of the Confidence Intervals in Parameter Estimation and Model Refinement for Dynamical Systems.” Proceedings AIChE P307592.Search in Google Scholar
Bruckner, T., I.A. Bashmakov, Y. Mulugetta, H. Chum, A. de la Vega Navarro, J. Edmonds, A. Faaij, et al. 2014. “Energy Systems.” In Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by O. Edenhofer, R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, E. Farahani, S. Kadner, K. Seyboth, A. Adler, I. Baum, S. Brunner, P. Eickemeier, B. Kriemann, J. Savolainen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow, T. Zwickel and J.C. Minx. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Buehler, E.A., and A. Mesbah. 2016. “Kinetic Study of Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol Fermentation in Continuous Culture.” PLoS ONE 11 (8): e0158243.10.1371/journal.pone.0158243Search in Google Scholar
Cardona, C.A., and O.J. Sanchez. 2007. “Fuel Ethanol Production: Process Design Trends and Integration Opportunities.” Bioresource Technology 98: 2415–2457.10.1016/j.biortech.2007.01.002Search in Google Scholar
Chen, Y., and F. Wang. 2012. “Determination of Kinetic Parameters for Enzymatic Ellulose Hydrolysis Using Hybrid Differential Evolution.” International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 9 (1). Accessed on 4 Jul. 2018, doi:10.2202/1542-6580.2498.10.2202/1542-6580.2498Search in Google Scholar
De Melo, P.GV., P.M.M.G. Da Cruz, R.C. Lacerda, and R.F. Schwan. 2012. “Microbiological and Physicochemical Characterization of Small-Scale Cocoa Fermentations and Screening of Yeast and Bacterial Strains to Develop a Defined Starter Culture.” Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78 (15): 5395–5405.10.1128/AEM.01144-12Search in Google Scholar
de Oliveira, L.P., D. Hudebine, D. Guillaume, and J.J. Verstraete. 2016. “A Review of Kinetic Modeling Methodologies for Complex Processes.” Oil & Gas Science and Technology 71: 45.10.2516/ogst/2016011Search in Google Scholar
Dochain, D. 2003. “State and parameter estimation in chemical and biochemical processes: a tutorial.” Journal of process control 13(8): 801–818.10.1016/S0959-1524(03)00026-XSearch in Google Scholar
Duarte, J., V. Lourenço, B. Ribeiro, C. Saagua, J. Pereira, and L. Baeta-Hall. 2009. “Ethanol Production from Different Substrates by a Flocculent Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Strain.” International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 7 (1). Accessed on 4 Jul. 2018, doi:10.2202/1542-6580.1917.Search in Google Scholar
Ernst, W. R. 1989. “Determination of Initial Reaction Rates Using Wilkinson’s Relation.” International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 21: 1153–1160.10.1002/kin.550211208Search in Google Scholar
Fan, L.T., and Y.H. Lee. 1983. “Kinetic Studies of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Insoluble Cellulose: Derivation of a Mechanistic Kinetic Model.” Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (11): 2707–2733.10.1002/bit.260251115Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Fiedurek, J., J. Szczodrak, and J. Rogalski. 1995. “Seeds as Natural Matrices for Immobilization of Aspergillus Niger Mycelium Producing Pectinases.” Journal of Applied Bacteriology 78 (4): 409–412.10.1111/j.1365-2672.1995.tb03426.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
Gajula, C., A. Chandel, R. Konakalla, R. Rudravaram, R. Pogaku, and N. Mangamoori. 2011. “Fermentation of Groundnut Shell Enzymatic Hydrolysate for Fuel Ethanol Production by Free and Sorghum Stalks Immobilized Cells of Pichia Stipitis NCIM 3498.” International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 9 (1). Accessed on 4 Jul. 2018, doi:10.1515/1542-6580.2514.10.1515/1542-6580.2514Search in Google Scholar
Garg, G., A. Singh, A. Kaur, R. Singh, J. Kaur, and R. Mahajan. 2016. “Microbial Pectinases: An Ecofriendly Tool of Nature for Industries.” 3 Biotech 6 (1): 47.10.1007/s13205-016-0371-4Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Ibrahim, M.A., A. Al-Thukair, A.R. Shaikh, W. Farooq, and Irshad Ahmad. 2017. “Isolation of Indigenous Microalgae: Nitrogen/Phosphorous Removal and Biofuel Production.” Biofuels 0: 1–8.10.1080/17597269.2017.1358947Search in Google Scholar
Jayathilakan, K., K. Sultana, K. Radhakrishna, and A.S. Bawa. 2012. “Utilization of Byproducts and Waste Materials from Meat, Poultry and Fish Processing Industries: A Review.” Journal of Food Science and Technology 49 (3): 278–293.10.1007/s13197-011-0290-7Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Jespersen, L., D.S. Nielsen, S. Hønholt, and M. Jakobsen. 2005. “Occurrence and Diversity of Yeasts Involved in Fermentation of West African Cocoa Beans.” FEMS Yeast Research 5: 441–453.10.1016/j.femsyr.2004.11.002Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Kostov, G., D. Pircheva, V. Naydenova, V. Iliev, V. Lubenova, and M. Ignatova. 2013. “Kinetics Investigation of Bio-Ethanol Production with Free and Immobilized Cells.” Comptes Rendus De l’Académie Bulgare Des Sciences: Sciences Mathématiques Et Naturelles 66, no. 10 (October): 1463–1472.Search in Google Scholar
Kroumov, A.D., A.N. Modenes, and M.C. Tait. 2006. “Development of New Unstructured Model for Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation of Starch to Ethanol by Recombinant Strain.” Biochemical Engineering Journal 28: 243–255.10.1016/j.bej.2005.11.008Search in Google Scholar
Legates, D.R., and G.J. McCabe Jr. 1999. “Evaluating the Use of “Goodness-Of-Fit” Measures in Hydrologic and Hydroclimatic Model Validation.” Water Research 35 (1): 233–241.10.1029/1998WR900018Search in Google Scholar
López-Pérez, P.A., R. Maya-Yescas, V. Peña-Caballero, R.V. Gomez-Acata, and R. Aguilar-López. 2013. “Software Sensors Design for a Model of a Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation of Starch to Ethanol.” Fuel 110: 219–226.10.1016/j.fuel.2012.11.020Search in Google Scholar
Lopez-Perez, P.A., M.I. Neria-Gonzalez, L.B. Flores-Cotera, and R. Aguilar-Lopez. 2013. “A Mathematical Model for Cadmium Removal Using A Sulfate Reducing Educing Bacterium: Desulfovibrio Alaskensis 6SR.” International Journal of Environmental Research 7: 501–512.Search in Google Scholar
López-Pérez, P.A., H. Puebla, H. I. Velázquez Sánchez, and R. Aguilar-López. 2016. “Comparison Tools for Parametric Identification of Kinetic Model for Ethanol Production Using Evolutionary Optimization Approach.” International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 14 (6).10.1515/ijcre-2016-0045Search in Google Scholar
Lyubenova, V. 2017. “Monitoring the Kinetics of Bioprocess Variables – Theory and Applications.” Information Technologies and Control 14 (1): 2–12.10.1515/itc-2016-0016Search in Google Scholar
Masoud, W., and Jespersen, L. 2006. “Pectin degrading enzymes in yeasts involved in fermentation of Coffea arabica in East Africa.” International Journal of Food Microbiology 110: 291–296.10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.04.030Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Mendoza-Chávez, E., N. Rodríguez-Olalde, R. Maya-Yescas, J. Campos-García, J. Saucedo-Luna, and A.J. Castro-Montoya. 2016. “Thermodynamic Analysis of Ethanol Synthesis from Glycerol by Two-Step Reactor Sequence.” International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 14 (6): 1169–1176.10.1515/ijcre-2015-0168Search in Google Scholar
Miller, G.L. 1959. "Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar." Analytical Chemistry 31(3): 426–428.10.1021/ac60147a030Search in Google Scholar
Moreira, I.M., M.G. Miguel, W.F. Duarte, D.R. Dias, and R.F. Schwan. 2013. “Microbial Succession and the Dynamics of Metabolites and Sugars during the Fermentation of Three Different Cocoa (Theobroma Cacao L.) Hybrids.” Food Research International 54 (1): 9–17.10.1016/j.foodres.2013.06.001Search in Google Scholar
Mushimiyimana, I., and P. Tallapragada. 2016. “Bioethanol Production from Agro Wastes by Acid Hydrolysis and Fermentation Process.” Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research 75: 383–388.Search in Google Scholar
Nag, A., M. Lunacek, P.A. Graf, and C.H. Chang. 2011. “Kinetic Modeling and Exploratory Numerical Simulation of Chloroplastic Starch Degradation.” BMC Systems Biology 5 (1): 94.10.1186/1752-0509-5-94Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Nielsen, D.S., O.D. Teniola, L Ban-Koffi, M. Owusu, T.S Anderson, and W.H. Holzapfel. 2007. “The Microbiology of Ghanaian Cocoa Fermentations Analyzed Using Culture-Dependent and Culture-Independent Methods.” International Journal of Food Microbiology 114: 168–186.10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.09.010Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Niture, K.S. 2008. “Comparative Biochemical and Structural Characterizations of Fungal Polygalacturonases.” Biologia 63 (1): 1–19.10.2478/s11756-008-0018-ySearch in Google Scholar
Pavlecic, M., I. Vrana, K. Vibovec, P. Horvat, and B. Santek. 2010. “Ethanol Production from Different Intermediates of Sugar Beet Processing.” Food Technology and Biotechnology 48: 362–367.Search in Google Scholar
Pereira, B.F., A. Romaní, A.H. Ruiz, J.A. Teixeira, and L. Dominguez. 2014. “Industrial Robust Yeast Isolates with Great Potencial for Ferementation of Lignocellulosic Biomass.” Bioresource Technology 161: 192–199.10.1016/j.biortech.2014.03.043Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Ramakrishnan, S., G. Brodeur, and J. Telotte. 2017. “Analysis of the Long Time Behavior of Enzymatic Cellulose Hydrolysis Kinetics.” International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering. Accessed 4 Jul. 2018, doi:10.1515/ijcre-2017-0087.10.1515/ijcre-2017-0087Search in Google Scholar
Ramos, C.L., W.F. Duarte, A.L. Freire, D.R. Dias, E.C.A Eleutherio, and R. Schwan. 2013. “Evaluation of Stress Tolerance and Fermentative Behavior of Indigenous Saccharomyces Cerevisiae.” Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 44: 935–944.10.1590/S1517-83822013005000051Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Ribeiro, L.A., P.P. Silva, T.M. Mata, and A.A. Martins. 2015. “Prospects of Using Microalgae for Biofuels Production: Results of a Delphi Study.” Renewable Energy 75: 799–804.10.1016/j.renene.2014.10.065Search in Google Scholar
Rivera, E.C., S.C. Rabelo, D.R. Garcia, R. Maciel Filho, and A.C. Costa. 2010. “Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Sugarcane Bagasse for Bioethanol Production: Determining Optimal Enzyme Loading Using Neural Networks.” Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 85: 983–992.10.1002/jctb.2391Search in Google Scholar
Samagaci, L., H.G. Ouattara, B.G. Goualié, and S.L. Niamke. 2015. “Polyphasic Analysis of Pectinolytic and Stress-Resistant Yeast Strains Isolated from Ivorian Cocoa Fermentation.” Journal of Food Research 4: 124–134.10.5539/jfr.v4n1p124Search in Google Scholar
Schwan, R.F., R.M. Cooper, and A.E. Wheals. 1997. “Endopolygalacturonase Secretion by Kluyveromyces Marxianusand Other Cocoa Pulp-Degrading Yeasts.” Enzyme and Microbial Technology 21: 234–244.10.1016/S0141-0229(96)00261-XSearch in Google Scholar
Schwan, R.F. 1998. “Cocoa fermentations conducted with a defined microbial cocktail inoculum.” Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64: 1477– 1483.10.1128/AEM.64.4.1477-1483.1998Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Schwan, R.F., and A.E. Wheals. 2004. “The Microbiology of Cocoa Fermentation and Its Role in Chocolate Quality.” Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 44: 1–17.10.1080/10408690490464104Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Shen, Y., J. Guo, Y. Chen, H. Zhang, X. Zheng, Y. Jiang, X. Zhang, and -X. Li. 2012. “Effects of Glucose Releasing Rate on Cell Growth and Performance of Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) in Sweet Potato Medium for Fuel Ethanol Production Using Saccharomyces Cerevisiae.” International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 10 (1). Accessed on 4 Jul. 2018, doi:10.1515/1542-6580.2976.10.1515/1542-6580.2976Search in Google Scholar
Singh, S., I. Chakravarty, and S. Kundu. 2017. “Mathematical Modelling of Bioethanol Production from Algal Starch Hydrolysate by Saccharomyces Cerevisiae.” Cellular and Molecular Biology 63 (6): 83–87.10.14715/cmb/2017.63.6.17Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Souto, L.R.F., M. Caliari, M.S. Soares, F. A. Fiorda, and M.C. Garcia. 2017. “Utilization of Residue from Cassava Starch Processing for Production of Fermentable Sugar by Enzymatic Hydrolysis.” Journal of Food Science and Technology 37 (1): 19–24.10.1590/1678-457x.0023Search in Google Scholar
Srimachai, T., K. Nuithitikul, S. O-Thon, p Kongjan, and K Panponh. 2015. “Optimization and Kinetic Modeling of Ethanol Production from Oil Palm Frond Juice in Batch Fermentation.” Energy Procedia 79: 111–118.10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.490Search in Google Scholar
Suresh, S., N. Khan, V. Srivastava, and I.M. Mishra. 2009. “Kinetic Modeling and Sensitivity Analysis of Kinetic Parameters for L-Glutamic Acid Production Using Corynebacterium Glutamicum.” International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 7 (1). Accessed on 4 Jul. 2018, doi:10.2202/1542-6580.2038.10.2202/1542-6580.2038Search in Google Scholar
Takrama, J. F., W. O. Kumi, G. Otoo, K. Addo, and N. Camu. 2015. “Optimization of Cocoa Pulp Juice Fermentation with YeastStarter Cultures of Cocoa Heap. Fermentations.” Journal of Agricultural Science and Food Technology 1 (3): 22–33.Search in Google Scholar
Tivkaa, A., and A. Bukola. 2012. “Screening of New Isolates Fungal Strains for Polygalacturonase Production in Submerged Fermentation.” Innovative Romanian Food Biotechnology 11: 15–22.Search in Google Scholar
Tiwari, A., A. Keshav, and S. Bhowmick. 2017. “Optimization of Esterification of Propionic Acid with Ethanol Catalyzed by Solid Acid Catalysts Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM): A Kinetic Approach.” International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 15 (4). Accessed on 4 Jul. 2018, doi:10.1515/ijcre-2016-0101.10.1515/ijcre-2016-0101Search in Google Scholar
Vallance, C. 2017, January. An Introduction to Chemical Kinetics, vol. 135. Morgan & Claypool Publishers.10.1088/978-1-6817-4664-7Search in Google Scholar
Vallance, C., R.G.A.R. Maclagan, and L.F. Phillips. 1996. “Numerical Study of the Reaction of CN with O2.” Chemical Physics Letters 250 (1): 59–65.10.1016/0009-2614(95)01394-6Search in Google Scholar
Watt, S., H. Sidhu, M. Nelson, and K. Ray. 2010. “Analysis of a Model for Ethanol Production through Continuous Fermentation: Ethanol Productivity.” International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 8 (1): 1–17.10.2202/1542-6580.1891Search in Google Scholar
World Energy Council. 2016. World Energy Resources | 2016. WECouncil. Resources 2016 Summary. 1028.Search in Google Scholar
Wu, X., S. Staggenborg, J.L. Propheter, W.L. Rooney, J. Yu, and D. Wang. 2010. “Features of Sweet Sorghum Juice and Their Performance in Ethanol Fermentation.” Industrial Crops and Products 31: 164–170.10.1016/j.indcrop.2009.10.006Search in Google Scholar
© 2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
