Abstract
Background: We recently reported protection against metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) induction and endothelial dysfunction by natural mineral-rich water intake in fructose-fed Sprague-Dawley rats. As glucocorticoids are critical to MetSyn development, we aimed to further characterize the beneficial effects of mineral-rich water intake in that animal model, by assessing relevant effectors in glucocorticoid-signaling in liver and subcutaneous (SCAT) and visceral (VAT) adipose tissues, sites with a central role in metabolic (dys)regulation.
Materials and methods: Adult male rats had free access to standard diet and different drinking solutions (8 weeks): a) tap water (CONT), b) 10% fructose/tap water (FRUCT) or c) 10% fructose/mineral-rich water (FRUCTMIN). 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1), glucocorticoid receptor (GR), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1-α) and sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) tissue protein expressions were evaluated by Western blot. Plasma corticosterone (ELISA) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) levels were quantified spectrophotometrically.
Results: Expectedly, Sirt1 and PGC1-α significantly decreased in liver, 11β-HSD1 tended to increase in VAT and tended to decrease in liver and SCAT, and plasma corticosterone tended to increase in FRUCT vs. CONT. Mineral-rich water showed a trend towards a reduction of these fructose effects and significantly increased hepatic Sirt1 vs. CONT and FRUCT. GR significantly increased in VAT and plasma NEFA strongly tended to increase in FRUCTMIN vs. CONT and FRUCT.
Conclusions: Glucocorticoid-signaling was different among SCAT and VAT and also in liver. Mineral-rich water modulation of fructose effects on glucocorticoid-signaling and Sirt1 underlines the better metabolic profile found earlier.
Acknowledgments
We thank Unicer Bebidas, S.A., Portugal, for kindly providing Pedras Salgadas®, the hypersaline sodium-rich naturally sparkling mineral water used here. This work was supported by FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, PEst-OE/SAU/UI0038/2014) through the Centro de Farmacologia e Biopatologia Química (U38/FCT), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, which integrates the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto. Additional funding was provided by FCT (SFRH/BDE/33798/2009 and PTDC/DES/113580/2009) and by Unicer Bebidas, S.A., Portugal.
Competing interests: When considering the partial funding by Unicer Bebidas, S.A., it should be mentioned that the study here presented was developed, in its full extent, both in scientific terms and research equipment conditions, independently of the beverage company.
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