Abstract
The process sulfite pretreatment to overcome recalcitrance of lignocelluloses (SPORL) has been the focus of this study. Pilot-scale (50 kg) pretreatment of wood chips of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon) killed by mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) were conducted at 165°C with a dilute sulfite solution of pH 2 for bioconversion to ethanol and lignosulfonate (LS). The pretreatment duration was optimized in laboratory bench scale experiments with a certain severity based on a combined hydrolysis factor (CHF). The sodium bisulfite loading was 8% and the liquor to wood ratio 3. The pretreated solids were disk milled together with the spent liquid and the resultant slurry with a 25% solids content was directly (without detoxification) submitted to a simultaneous enzymatic saccharification and fermentation (SSF) with Saccharomycescerevisiae YRH400 at cellulase loading of 35 ml kg-1 of untreated wood. At solids loading of 20%, the alcohol yield was 288 l t-1 wood (with a final concentration of 52.2 g l-1), which corresponds to a 72.0% theoretical yield based on total glucan, mannan, and xylan. The LS from SPORL was highly sulfonated and its molecular weight was lower than that of a purified commercial softwood LS, and therefore it has a high potential as a directly marketable co-product.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by a USDA Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) Phase II project (Contract Number: 2010-33610-21589) to Biopulping International, Inc., Madison, WI, USA and the International Science and Technology Cooperation Program of China (ISTCP):2013DFA41670. The funding from these programs made the visiting appointment of Zhou at the USDA Forest Products Laboratory (FPL) possible. We would like to acknowledge Novozymes North America for providing the cellulase enzymes; Dr. Jerry Gargulak of LignoTech for providing us the D-748 Lignosulfonate, Fred Matt for conducting carbohydrate measurements, and Linda Lorenz for assisting GPC measurements of lignosulfonate, and Kolby Hirth for ICP analysis of sulfur. This work was conducted on official government time of Zhu, Gleisner, and Negron while Zhou was a visiting student at the USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI.
Conflict of interest statement: Zhu and Gleisner are co-inventors of a US patent application on SPORL.
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