Abstract
Objectives
To analyze the phytochemicals, antioxidant, and anticancer activities on MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line using aqueous, hydro-ethanol, and methanol extracts of different Unani drugs, e.g., Halela Siyah, Aftimoon, Bisfayej, Ustukhudoos, and Kutki.
Methods
The qualitative examination (alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, and saponins), anticancer activity, and an antioxidant assay of the three different extracts were done by MTT assay and DPPH assay, respectively, using different Unani drugs.
Results
The qualitative examination confirmed the substantive presence of phytochemical constituents in all the extracts of these drugs. The Methanolic extract of Halela Siyah had the highest DPPH scavenging activity (91%), while Bisfayej had the lowest (58%). Similarly, the hydro-ethanolic extract showed approximately identical activity for Halela Siyah (89%), Aftimoon (88%), Bisfayej (84%), Kutki (82%), and Ustukhudoos (81%). The aqueous extracts of Halela Siyah (88%) had the highest DPPH scavenging activity, whereas Bisfayej (73%) had the lowest. The methanolic extract of Aftimoon demonstrated the greatest anticancer activity (IC50 – 108), while Aftimoon showed the least activity (IC50 – 316). Halela Siyah (IC50 – 175) and Aftimoon (IC50 – 178) showed substantially the same activity in aqueous extracts. Ustukhudoos hydro-ethanol extracts had the highest (IC50 – 130) activity, whereas Aftimoon had the lowest (IC50 – 204).
Conclusions
In conclusion, our findings evaluated the presence of phytochemicals, good antioxidant activity, and anticancer activity in different extracts of drugs used in this study. The study shows these drugs have potential anticancer activity against breast cancer in MCF-7 cell lines.
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to Prof. Asim Ali Khan, Director General, CCRUM, New Delhi for providing the necessary facilities and infrastructure for carrying out the research work.
-
Research funding: None declared.
-
Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.
-
Competing interests: Authors state no conflict of interest.
-
Informed consent: Not applicable.
-
Ethical approval: Not applicable.
References
1. Prakash, OM, Kumar, A, Kumar, P. Anticancer potential of plants and natural products. Am J Pharmacol Sci 2013;1:104–15. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajps-1-6-1.Search in Google Scholar
2. Baskar, R, Lee, KA, Yeo, R, Yeoh, KW. Cancer and radiation therapy: current advances and future directions. Int J Med Sci 2012;9:193–9. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijms.3635.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
3. National Cancer Institute. What is cancer? https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/understanding/what-is-cancer [Accessed 12 Jun 2020].Search in Google Scholar
4. Munhall, YP, Sharma, SK, Agawam, AK, Gupta, P, Klamath, SA, Neckar, MY. API textbook of medicine, 9th ed. Ahmadabad, India: JP Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd; 2012, vol 2.Search in Google Scholar
5. Ferlay, J, Soerjomataram, I, Dikshit, R, Eser, S, Mathers, C, Rebelo, M, et al.. Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. IJC 2015;136:E359–86. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.29210.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
6. Kamdje, AH, Etet, PF, Vecchio, L, Tagne, RS, Amvene, JM, Muller, JM, et al.. New targeted therapies for breast cancer: a focus on tumor microenvironmental signals and chemo-resistant breast cancers. World J Clin Cases 2014;2:769. https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v2.i12.769.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
7. World Health Organization. Benchmarks for training in Unani medicine. In: Benchmarks for training in Unani medicine; 2010:20 p.Search in Google Scholar
8. Anonymous. Unani system of medicine: science of health and healing. New Delhi, India: Department of AYUSH, Ministry of Health & FW, Govt. of India; 2013.Search in Google Scholar
9. Hakim, MA. Bustanul Mufradat. New Delhi, India: Idara Kitab-Us-Shifa; 2002:85–6 pp.Search in Google Scholar
10. Baitar, I. Al-Jame-Al-Mufradad-Al-Advia Wal Aghziyah (Urdu Translation). New Delhi, India: CCRUM, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India; 2000, vol 2:94–7 pp.Search in Google Scholar
11. Baghdadi, H. Kitab-Al-Mukhtarat-Fil-Tib. New Delhi, India: CCRUM, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India; 2005, vol 2:51 p.Search in Google Scholar
12. Kabiruddin, H. Mufradat Makhzanul. New Delhi, India: Ijaz Publishing House; 2007:74–5 pp.Search in Google Scholar
13. Anonymous. The Unani pharmacopoeia of India. New Delhi, India: CCRUM, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, part-I, (IV); 2007:85 p. Part-I, (III), 2007:1–2 pp.Search in Google Scholar
14. Razi, ABMZ. Kitab-al-Hawi, (Urdu translation). New Delhi, India: CCRUM, Dept. of AYUSH, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India; 2002, vol 12:9–24 pp.Search in Google Scholar
15. Ghani, N. Khazanul Advia. New Delhi, India: Idara Kitab-Us-Shifa; 2011:226–7, 242–3, 370–1, 1025, 1321 pp.Search in Google Scholar
16. Samarqandi, AN. Sharah-e-Asbaab Tarjumah Kabeer,(Urdu translation). New Delhi, India: Ijaz Publishing House; 2007:21 p.Search in Google Scholar
17. Majoosi, A. KamilAl-Sana’a (Arabic), (Urdu translation). New Delhi, India: CCRUM, Dept. of AYUSH, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India; 2010:240, 317, 407, 409–11 pp.Search in Google Scholar
18. Doughari, JH. Phytochemicals: extraction methods, basic structures, and mode of action as potential chemotherapeutic agents. Rijeka, Croatia: INTECH Open Access Publisher; 2012.Search in Google Scholar
19. Adeyemi, TO, Ogboru, RO, Idowu, OD, Owoeye, EA, Isese, MO. Phytochemical screening and health potentials of Morinda lucida Benth. Int J Innov Sci Res 2014;11:515–9.Search in Google Scholar
20. Vaghasiya, Y, Dave, R, Chanda, S. Phytochemical analysis of some medicinal plants from the western region of India. Res J Med Plant 2011;5:567–76.10.3923/rjmp.2011.567.576Search in Google Scholar
21. Tyagi, T. Phytochemical screening of active metabolites present in Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms and Pistia stratiotes (L.): role in ethano-medicine. AJPER 2017;6:40–56.Search in Google Scholar
22. Sharma, OP, Bhat, TK. DPPH antioxidant assay revisited. Food Chem 2009;113:1202–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.08.008.Search in Google Scholar
23. Senthilraja, P, Kathiresan, K. In vitro cytotoxicity MTT assay in Vero, HepG2 and MCF-7 cell lines study of Marine Yeast. J Appl Pharmacol Sci 2015;5:80–4.10.7324/JAPS.2015.50313Search in Google Scholar
24. Pavithra, K, Vadivukkarasi, S. Evaluation of free radical scavenging activity of various extracts of leaves from Kedrostis foetidissima (Jacq.) Cogn. Food Sci Hum Wellness 2015;4:42–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2015.02.001.Search in Google Scholar
25. Sandeep, MA. Evaluation of the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of isolated constituents from the areal part of Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Plant. Asian J Pharmaceut Clin Res 2018;11:187–90. https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i3.22475.Search in Google Scholar
26. Sharma, G, Sharma, V, Mishra, T. Enhancement of in vitro antioxidant potential of Terminalia chebula by various fruit extracts and optimization of concentration by response surface methodology. Asian J Pharmaceut Clin Res 2018;11:228–33. https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i7.25786.Search in Google Scholar
27. Ahuja, R, Agrawal, N, Mukherjee, A. Evaluation of the anticancer potential of Terminalia chebula fruits against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma induced cancer in mice. J Sci Innov Res 2013;2:3549–54.Search in Google Scholar
© 2022 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
