Fetal superior mesenteric artery blood flow velocimetry in normal and high-risk pregnancy

Abstract

The aim: To record blood flow velocimetry in the fetal superior mesenteric artery in normal pregnancy and to evaluate if blood flow recordings in the vessel might predict adverse outcome in high-risk pregnancy.

Methods: The fetal superior mesenteric artery blood velocimetry was recorded in a cross sectional manner in 75 normal pregnancies between 27 and 41 weeks of gestation. Reference curves were performed for pulsatility and resistance indices. The superior mesenteric artery was also located in 48 singleton pregnancies complicated by pregnancy-induced hypertension and/or intra-uterine growth retardation. Middle cerebral artery, umbilical artery and vein and uterine artery velocimetry were also recorded.

Results: Superior mesenteric artery PI and RI values expressed an increase in resistance to blood flow with gestational age after 32 weeks of gestation. In all except eight high-risk pregnancies the fetal mesenteric artery PI values were within normal range. Among the pregnancies with absent or reversed blood flow in the umbilical artery, all had abnormal mesenteric artery pulsatility index (PI) (>97.5^th percentiles), one fetus died intrauterine and two others died after delivery due to prematurity, growth retardation and necrotizing enterocolitis. In the remaining fetuses with increased mesenteric artery PI, necrotizing enterocolitis was diagnosed in three cases.

Conclusions: Increased vascular resistance in the mesenteric artery might be a late sign of fetal circulation redistribution and frequently related to necrotizing enterocolitis in the newborn.