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Geçiş dönemi adalet mekanizmasında kadınlara ne oluyor? Tecavüz suçu ve Ruanda için Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi'nde ele alınışının incelenmesi

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 0 - 13, 01.12.2014
https://doi.org/10.1501/Fe0001_0000000119

Öz

Uluslararası Hukuk'a, hukukun eril doğası içinde meydana gelen toplumsal cinsiyet yapılarının yeniden üretilmesi hakim olmaktadır. Tecavüz suçu göz önünde bulundurulduğunda, silahlı çatışmalarda erkeklere ve kadınlara tanınmış sınırlı rol ve deneyimler, çatışma sonrası uzlaşıyı sınırlandırmaktadır. Silahlı çatışmalarda, erkekler karar verenler ve savaşanlar iken kadınlar kurbanlar olarak görülmektedir. Bu nedenle, savaş sonrası toplumlarda bu kısıtlı rol ve deneyimler hukuken etkili olabilmeyi engellemektedir. Bu çalışma söz konusu hukuki yapıyı Ruanda için Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi'nin eril doğasını inceleyerek açıklamaya çalışacaktır. Çalışma, Mahkeme'nin silahlı çatışmalarda gerçekleşen tecavüz suçları için uzlaşı sağlama çabasından uzak olduğunu ve toplumsal cinsiyet normlarını yeniden ürettiğini göstermeye çalışacaktır. Kadınlara geçiş dönemi adalet mekanizmalarında neler olduğu analiz edilerek, tecavüz kurbanlarının adalet bulup bulmadığı sorusuna yanıt bulunmaya çalışılacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • The Prosecutor v. Jean-Paul Akayesu (Trial Judgement), ICTR-96-4-T, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), 2 September 1998.
  • The Prosecutor v. Pauline Nyiramasuhuko et al. (Trial Judgement), ICTR-98-42-T, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), 24 June 2011.
  • The Prosecutor v. Sylvestre Gacumbitsi (Trial Judgement), ICTR-2001-64-T, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), 17 June 2004.
  • UN General Assembly, Prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide, 9 December 1948, A/RES/260.
  • UN Security Council, Security Council Resolution S/RES/955 (1994), 8 November 1994, S/RES/955 (1994).
  • UN Security Council, Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (as last amended on 13 October 2006) , 8 November 1994.
  • African Rights, Rwanda: Broken bodies, torn spirits - Living with genocide, rape and HIV/AIDS Report (2004).
  • Aranburu, Xabier Agirre, ‘Beyond Dogma and Taboo: Criteria for the Effextive Investigation of Sexual Violence’, Understanding and Providing International Sex Crimes eds. Morten Bergsmo, Alf Butenschon Skre, and Elisabeth J. Wood, (Beijing:Torkel Opsahl Academic Publisher, 2012), 267-295.
  • Askin, Kelly, ‘Treatment of Sexual Violence in Armed Conflicts: A Historical Perspective and the way Forward’, Sexual Violence as an International Crime: Interdisciplinary Approaches eds. Anne Marie De Brouwer, Charlotte Ku, Renee Römkens, and Larissa Van den Herik, (Cambridge:Intersentia, 2013), 19-57.
  • Barnett, Hilarie, Introduction to Feminist Jurisprudence, (London:Cavendish Publishing Limited, 1998).
  • Buss, Doris, ‘Performing Legal Order: Some Feminist Thoughts on International Criminal Law’ International Criminal Law Review, No. 11 (2011): 409-423.
  • Brouwer, Anne-Marie, Supranational Criminal Prosecution of Sexual Violence, (London:Intersentia, 2005).
  • Brown, Sara E., ‘Female Perpetrators of the Rwandan Genocide’, International Feminist Journal of Politics, Volume, 16, Issue 3 (2014): 448-469.
  • Brownmiller, Susan, Against our will: Men, Women, and Rape, (New York:Ballantine Books, 1993).
  • Charlesworth, Hilary, Chinkin, Christine, and Wright, Shelley, ‘Feminist Approaches to International Law’ The American Journal of International Law, No.85 (1991): 613-645.
  • Cohn, Carol, ‘Women and Wars: Toward a Conceptual Framework’, Women and Wars eds Carol Cohn, (Cambridge:Polity Press 2013), 1-36.
  • Dalton, Clare, ‘Where We Stand: Observations on the Situation of Feminist Legal Thought’, Berkeley Women’s Law Journal, No:3 (1987): 1-13.
  • Dubois, Ellen, Dunlap, Mary, Gillian, Carol, Mackinnon, Catherine, and Menkel-Meadow, Carrie, ‘Feminist Discourse, Moral Values, and the Law – A Conversation’, Buffalo Law Review No:34 (1985): 11-88.
  • Gahima, Gerald, Transitional Justice in Rwanda, (London:Routledge, 2013).
  • Goldstein, Joshua, War and Gender, (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2001).
  • Hallet, Nicole, ‘The Evaluation of Gender Crimes in International Law’, Plight and Fate of Women During and Following Genocide ed. Samuel Totten, (New Brunswick:Transaction Publishers, 2009): 133-167.
  • Hogg, Nicole, ‘Women’s Participation in the Rwandan Genocide: Mothers or Monsters?’, International Review of the Red Cross No: 92 (2010): 69-102.
  • Holmes, Georgina, Woman and War in Rwanda, (London:I.B. Tauris, 2014).
  • Human Rights Watch, Shattered Lives: Sexual Violence during the Rwandan Genocide and its Aftermath (1996).
  • Kaitesi, Usta, Genocidal Gender and Sexual Violence, (London:Intersentia 2014).
  • Lacey, Nicola, Unspeakable Subjects Feminist Essays in Legal and Social Theory, (Oxford:Hart Publishing 1998).
  • Moser, Caroline and Clark, Fiona, ‘Introduction’, Victims, Perpetrators or Actors? eds. Caroline O. N. Moser and Fiona C. Clark, (London:Zed Books 2001).
  • Nowrojee, Binaifer, “Your Justice is Too Slow” Will the ICTR Fail Rwanda’s Rape Victims?, Occasional Paper 10, November 2005.
  • Peel, Michael, ‘Introduction’, Rape as a Method of Torture ed. Michael Peel, (London:Medical Foundation 2004).
  • Reis, Chen, ‘Ethical, Safety and Methodological Issues Related to Collection and Use of Data on Sexual Violence in conflict’ Crime’ Sexual Violence as an International Crime: Interdisciplinary Approaches eds. Anne Marie De Brouwer, Charlotte Ku, Renee Römkens, and Larissa Van den Herik, (Cambridge:Intersentia, 2013), 189-211.
  • Report on the situation of human rights in Rwanda submitted by Mr. René Degni-Ségui, Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights, under paragraph 20 of resolution S-3/1 of 25 May 1994 - E/CN.4/1996/68 29 January 1996.
  • Sajjad, Tazreena, ‘The Post-Genocidal Period and Its Impact on Women’, Plight and Fate of Women during and Following Genocide ed. Samuel Totten, (New Brunswick:Transaction Publishers 2009), 219-249.
  • Sperling, Carrie, ‘Mother of Atrocities: Pauline Nyiramasuhuko’s Role in the Rwandan Genocide’ Fordham Urban Law Journal No:33 (2005): 100-127.
  • Totten, Samuel, ‘Introduction’ , Plight and Fate of Women during and Following Genocide ed. Samuel Totten, (New Brunswick:Transaction Publishers 2009), 1-7.
  • Totten, Samuel, ‘The Plight and Fate of Females During and Following the 1994 Rwandan Genocide’ , Plight and Fate of Women during and Following Genocide ed. Samuel Totten, (New Brunswick:Transaction Publishers 2009), 107-137.
  • Wildermuth, Patricia and Kneuer, Petra, ‘Addressing the Challenges to Prosecution of Sexual Violence Crimes before International Tribunals and Courts’ Understanding and Providing International Sex Crimes eds. Morten Bergsmo, Alf Butenschon Skre, and Elisabeth J. Wood, (Beijing:Torkel Opsahl Academic Publisher, 2012), 65- 143.

What is happening to women in transitional justice? Analysing the crime of rape and its reconciliation in the ICTR

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 0 - 13, 01.12.2014
https://doi.org/10.1501/Fe0001_0000000119

Öz

International law is dominated by the reproduction of gendered structures originating in the masculine nature of law. In respect of rape in armed conflicts the prescribed roles of men and women and the respective experiences they make severely limit subtantial reconciliation. In armed conflicts, men are considered decision-makers and fighters whereas women are regularly regarded as victims. Hence, their respective roles and experiences in post-conflict societies have constrained effective legal efforts. I will exemplify this by examining the masculine nature of the jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda ICTR . I propose that the ICTR case law illustrates the lack luster reconciliation efforts of the international community in response to rape crimes in armed conflicts and reproduces gender norms. By analyzing what happens to women in transitional justice mechanisms, I will address the question of whether rape survivors can find reconciliation.

Kaynakça

  • The Prosecutor v. Jean-Paul Akayesu (Trial Judgement), ICTR-96-4-T, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), 2 September 1998.
  • The Prosecutor v. Pauline Nyiramasuhuko et al. (Trial Judgement), ICTR-98-42-T, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), 24 June 2011.
  • The Prosecutor v. Sylvestre Gacumbitsi (Trial Judgement), ICTR-2001-64-T, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), 17 June 2004.
  • UN General Assembly, Prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide, 9 December 1948, A/RES/260.
  • UN Security Council, Security Council Resolution S/RES/955 (1994), 8 November 1994, S/RES/955 (1994).
  • UN Security Council, Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (as last amended on 13 October 2006) , 8 November 1994.
  • African Rights, Rwanda: Broken bodies, torn spirits - Living with genocide, rape and HIV/AIDS Report (2004).
  • Aranburu, Xabier Agirre, ‘Beyond Dogma and Taboo: Criteria for the Effextive Investigation of Sexual Violence’, Understanding and Providing International Sex Crimes eds. Morten Bergsmo, Alf Butenschon Skre, and Elisabeth J. Wood, (Beijing:Torkel Opsahl Academic Publisher, 2012), 267-295.
  • Askin, Kelly, ‘Treatment of Sexual Violence in Armed Conflicts: A Historical Perspective and the way Forward’, Sexual Violence as an International Crime: Interdisciplinary Approaches eds. Anne Marie De Brouwer, Charlotte Ku, Renee Römkens, and Larissa Van den Herik, (Cambridge:Intersentia, 2013), 19-57.
  • Barnett, Hilarie, Introduction to Feminist Jurisprudence, (London:Cavendish Publishing Limited, 1998).
  • Buss, Doris, ‘Performing Legal Order: Some Feminist Thoughts on International Criminal Law’ International Criminal Law Review, No. 11 (2011): 409-423.
  • Brouwer, Anne-Marie, Supranational Criminal Prosecution of Sexual Violence, (London:Intersentia, 2005).
  • Brown, Sara E., ‘Female Perpetrators of the Rwandan Genocide’, International Feminist Journal of Politics, Volume, 16, Issue 3 (2014): 448-469.
  • Brownmiller, Susan, Against our will: Men, Women, and Rape, (New York:Ballantine Books, 1993).
  • Charlesworth, Hilary, Chinkin, Christine, and Wright, Shelley, ‘Feminist Approaches to International Law’ The American Journal of International Law, No.85 (1991): 613-645.
  • Cohn, Carol, ‘Women and Wars: Toward a Conceptual Framework’, Women and Wars eds Carol Cohn, (Cambridge:Polity Press 2013), 1-36.
  • Dalton, Clare, ‘Where We Stand: Observations on the Situation of Feminist Legal Thought’, Berkeley Women’s Law Journal, No:3 (1987): 1-13.
  • Dubois, Ellen, Dunlap, Mary, Gillian, Carol, Mackinnon, Catherine, and Menkel-Meadow, Carrie, ‘Feminist Discourse, Moral Values, and the Law – A Conversation’, Buffalo Law Review No:34 (1985): 11-88.
  • Gahima, Gerald, Transitional Justice in Rwanda, (London:Routledge, 2013).
  • Goldstein, Joshua, War and Gender, (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2001).
  • Hallet, Nicole, ‘The Evaluation of Gender Crimes in International Law’, Plight and Fate of Women During and Following Genocide ed. Samuel Totten, (New Brunswick:Transaction Publishers, 2009): 133-167.
  • Hogg, Nicole, ‘Women’s Participation in the Rwandan Genocide: Mothers or Monsters?’, International Review of the Red Cross No: 92 (2010): 69-102.
  • Holmes, Georgina, Woman and War in Rwanda, (London:I.B. Tauris, 2014).
  • Human Rights Watch, Shattered Lives: Sexual Violence during the Rwandan Genocide and its Aftermath (1996).
  • Kaitesi, Usta, Genocidal Gender and Sexual Violence, (London:Intersentia 2014).
  • Lacey, Nicola, Unspeakable Subjects Feminist Essays in Legal and Social Theory, (Oxford:Hart Publishing 1998).
  • Moser, Caroline and Clark, Fiona, ‘Introduction’, Victims, Perpetrators or Actors? eds. Caroline O. N. Moser and Fiona C. Clark, (London:Zed Books 2001).
  • Nowrojee, Binaifer, “Your Justice is Too Slow” Will the ICTR Fail Rwanda’s Rape Victims?, Occasional Paper 10, November 2005.
  • Peel, Michael, ‘Introduction’, Rape as a Method of Torture ed. Michael Peel, (London:Medical Foundation 2004).
  • Reis, Chen, ‘Ethical, Safety and Methodological Issues Related to Collection and Use of Data on Sexual Violence in conflict’ Crime’ Sexual Violence as an International Crime: Interdisciplinary Approaches eds. Anne Marie De Brouwer, Charlotte Ku, Renee Römkens, and Larissa Van den Herik, (Cambridge:Intersentia, 2013), 189-211.
  • Report on the situation of human rights in Rwanda submitted by Mr. René Degni-Ségui, Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights, under paragraph 20 of resolution S-3/1 of 25 May 1994 - E/CN.4/1996/68 29 January 1996.
  • Sajjad, Tazreena, ‘The Post-Genocidal Period and Its Impact on Women’, Plight and Fate of Women during and Following Genocide ed. Samuel Totten, (New Brunswick:Transaction Publishers 2009), 219-249.
  • Sperling, Carrie, ‘Mother of Atrocities: Pauline Nyiramasuhuko’s Role in the Rwandan Genocide’ Fordham Urban Law Journal No:33 (2005): 100-127.
  • Totten, Samuel, ‘Introduction’ , Plight and Fate of Women during and Following Genocide ed. Samuel Totten, (New Brunswick:Transaction Publishers 2009), 1-7.
  • Totten, Samuel, ‘The Plight and Fate of Females During and Following the 1994 Rwandan Genocide’ , Plight and Fate of Women during and Following Genocide ed. Samuel Totten, (New Brunswick:Transaction Publishers 2009), 107-137.
  • Wildermuth, Patricia and Kneuer, Petra, ‘Addressing the Challenges to Prosecution of Sexual Violence Crimes before International Tribunals and Courts’ Understanding and Providing International Sex Crimes eds. Morten Bergsmo, Alf Butenschon Skre, and Elisabeth J. Wood, (Beijing:Torkel Opsahl Academic Publisher, 2012), 65- 143.
Toplam 36 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Kadın Araştırmaları
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Bilge Şahin Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2014 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Şahin, Bilge. “Geçiş dönemi Adalet mekanizmasında kadınlara Ne Oluyor? Tecavüz suçu Ve Ruanda için Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi’nde Ele alınışının Incelenmesi”. Fe Dergi 6, sy. 2 (Aralık 2014): 0-13. https://doi.org/10.1501/Fe0001_0000000119.