Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of different forms of heart failure (HF). We examined CC-and CXC-chemokine receptor expression in fresh peripheral blood leukocyte populations from 24 end-stage HF patients consisting of coronary artery disease (CAD; n=6) and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM; n=7) or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDCM; n=8) or valvular disease (VD; n=3) and compared the data with 18 healthy controls. Levels of CCR1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7, and CXCR1, 2, 3, and 4 were measured by flow cytometry, and the expression profile was assessed as molecules of equivalent soluble fluorochrome units as well as frequency (percentage) of CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells and monocytes or granulocytes. Frequency of CD3+ CXCR4+, CD3+ CXCR1+, and CD3+ CXCR3+ cells was significantly increased in HF patients, whereas only CCR7 and CXCR4 expression levels were elevated on CD3+ cells. Both CD4+ CXCR4+ and CD8+ CXCR4+ cell frequencies were significantly increased irrespective of cardiac disease etiology. Elevated CCR7 expression was less pronounced on CD4+ than CD8+ cells in patients with CAD and IDCM. Expression of CXCR4 on CD8+ cells was upregulated substantially, regardless of the cause of disease. CD8+ CXCR1+ and CD8+ CXCR3+ but not CD4+ CXCR1+ or CD4+ CXCR3+ cells were increased in the HF patients with IDCM and CAD, respectively. Expression of CXCR1 or CXCR3 on both CD4+ and CD8+ cells did not differ in all the groups. For monocytes, frequency of CD14+ CCR1+ and CD14+ CCR2+ cells was significantly decreased in CAD patients, whereas, increase in CD14+ CXCR4+ cell frequency was accompanied with elevated CXCR4 expression. On granulocytes, CXCR1 and CXCR2 receptors were downregulated in all patients, compared with controls. Our results suggest that the altered expression profile of CC- and CXC-chemokine receptors on circulating leukocyte populations involves enhanced activation of the immune system, perhaps as part of the pathogenic mechanisms in HF. Modulation of the chemokine network could offer interesting novel therapeutic modalities for end-stage HF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Haddy, F. J. (2003) Heart failure-incidence and survival. N. Engl. J. Med. 348, 660.
Conraads, V. M., Bosmans, J. M., and Vrints, C. J. (2002) Chronic heart failure: an example of a systemic chronic inflammatory disease resulting in cachexia. Int. J. Cardiol. 85, 33–49.
Matsumori, A., Matoba, Y., and Sasayama, S. (1995) Dilated cardiomyopathy associated with hepatitis C virus infection. Circulation 92, 2519–2525.
Shioi T., Matsumori, A., and Sasayama, S. (1996) Persistent expression of cytokine in the chronic stage of viral myocarditis in mice. Circulation 94 2930–2937.
Bozkurt, B., Kribbs, S. B., Clubb, F. J., Jr., et al. (1998) Pathophysiologically relevant concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-β promote progressive left ventricular dysfunction and remodeling in rats. Circulation 97, 1382–1391.
MacGowan, G. A., Mann, D. L., Kormos, R. L., Feldman, A. M., and Murali, S. (1997) Circulating interleukin-6 in severe heart failure. Am. J. Cardiol. 79, 1128–1131.
Bristow, M. R. (1998) Why does the myocardium fail? Insights from basic science. Lancet 352 (Suppl. 1), SI8-SI14.
Hasper, D., Hummel, M., Kleber, F. X., Reindl, I., and Volk, H. D. (1998) Systemic inflammation in patients with heart failure. Eur. Heart J. 19, 761–765.
Aukrust, P., Damas, J. K., Gullestad, L., and Froland, S. S. (2001) Chemokines in myocardial failure—pathogenic importance and potential therapeutic targets. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 124, 343–345.
Levine, B., Kalman, J., Mayer, L., Fillit, H. M., and Packer, M. (1990) Elevated circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor in severe chronic heart failure. N. Engl. J. Med. 323, 236–241.
Matsumori, A., Yamada, T., Suzuki, H., Matoba, Y., and Sasayama, S. (1994) Increased circulating cytokines in patients with myocarditis and cardiomyopathy. Br. Heart J. 72, 561–566.
Mazzone, A., De Servi, S., Vezzoli, M., et al. (1999) Plasma levels of interleukin 2, 6, 10 and phenotypic characterization of circulating T lymphocytes in ischemic heart disease. Atherosclerosis 145, 369–374.
Sharma, R., Bolger, A. P., Li, W., et al. (2003) Elevated circulating levels of inflammatory cytokines and bacterial endotoxin in adults with congenital heart disease. Am. J. Cardiol. 92, 188–193.
Ferrari, R., Bachetti, T., Confortini, R., et al. (1995) Tumor necrosis factor soluble receptors in patients with various degrees of congestive heart failure. Circulation 92, 1479–1486.
Aukrust, P., Ueland, T., Lien, E., et al. (1999) Cytokine network in congestive heart failure secondary to ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am. J. Cardiol. 83, 376–382.
Aukrust, P., Ueland, T., Muller, F., et al. (1998) Elevated circulating levels of C−C chemokines in patients with congestive heart failure. Circulation 97, 1136–1143.
Damas, J. K., Gullestad, L., Aass, H., et al. (2001) Enhanced gene expression of chemokines and their corresponding receptors in mononuclear blood cells in chronic heart failure—modulatory effect of intravenous immunoglobulin. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 38, 187–193.
Luster, A. D. (1998) Chemokines—chemotactic cytokines that mediate inflammation. N. Engl. J. Med. 338, 436–445.
Horuk, R. (2001) Chemokine receptors. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 12 313–335.
Olson, T. S. and Ley, K. (2002) chemokines and chemokine receptors in leukocyte trafficking. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 283, R7-R28.
Murdoch, C. and Finn, A. (2000) Chemokine receptors and their role in inflammation and infectious diseases. Blood 95, 3032–3043.
Cook, D. N., Beck, M. A., Coffman, T.M., et al. (1995) Requirement of MIP-1α for an inflammatory response to viral infection. Science 269, 1583–1585.
Fuse, K., Kodama, M., Hanawa, H., et al. (2001) Enhanced expression and production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in myocarditis. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 124, 346–352.
Machado, F. S., Martins, G. A., Aliberti, J. C., Mestriner, F. L., Cunha, F. Q., and Silva, J. S. (2000) Trypanosoma cruzi-infected cardiomyocytes produce chemokines and cytokines that trigger potent nitric oxide-dependent trypanocidal activity. Circulation 102, 3003–3008.
Talvani, A., Rocha, M. O., Ribeiro, A. L., Correa-Oliveira, R., and Teixeira, M. M. (2004) Chemokine receptor expression on the surface of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in Chagas disease. J. Infect. Dis. 189, 214–220.
Shioi, T., Matsumori, A., Kihara, Y., et al. (1997) Increased expression of interleukin-1β and monocyte chemotactic and activating factor/monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in the hypertrophied and failing heart with pressure overload. Circ. Res. 81, 664–671.
Behr, T. M., Wang, X., Aiyar, N., et al. (2000) Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 is upregulated in rats with volume-overload congestive heart failure. Circulation 102, 1315–1322.
Kakio, T., Matsumori, A., Ono, K., Ito, H., Matsushima, K., and Sasayama, S. (2000) Roles and relationship of macrophages and monocyte chemotactic and activating factor/monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in the ischemic and reperfused rat heart. Lab. Investing. 80, 1127–1136.
Kolattukudy, P. E., Quach, T., Bergese, S., et al. (1998) Myocarditis induced by targeted expression of the MCP-1 gene in murine cardiac muscle. Am. J. Pathol. 152, 101–111.
Damas, J. K., Gullestad, L., Ueland, T. et al. (2000) CXC-chemokines, a new group of cytokines in congestive heart failure—possible role of platelets and monocytes. Cardiovasc. Res. 45, 428–436.
Damas, J. K., Eiken, H. G., Oie, E., et al. (2000) Myocardial expression of CC- and CXC-chemokines and their receptors in human end-stage heart failure. Cardiovasc. Res. 47, 778–787.
Gerszten, R. E., Mach, F., Sauty, A., Rosenzweig, A., and Luster, A. D. (2000) Chemokines, leukocytes, and atherosclerosis. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 136, 87–92.
Boring, L., Gosling, J., Cleary, M., and Charo, I. F. (1998) Decreased lesion formation in CCR2-/-mice reveals a role for chemokines in the initiation of atherosclerosis. Nature 394, 894–897.
Boisvert, W. A., Santiago, R., Curtiss, L. K., and Terkeltaub, R. A. (1998) A leukocyte homologue of the IL-8 receptor CXCR-2 mediates the accumulation of macrophages in atherosclerotic lesions of LDL receptor-deficient mice. J. Clin. Investig. 101, 353–563.
Gu, L., Okada, Y., Clinton, S. K. et al. (1998) Absence of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 reduces atherosclerosis in low density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice. Mol. Cell 2, 275–281.
Aukrust, P., Berge, R. K., Ueland, T., et al. (2001) Interaction between chemokines and oxidative stress: possible pathogenic role in acute coronary syndromes. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 37, 485–491.
Mach, F., Sauty, A., Iarossi, A. S., et al. (1999) Differential expression of three T lymphocyte-activating CXC chemokines by human atheroma-associated cells. J. Clin. Investig. 104, 1041–1050.
Devaux, B., Scholz, D., Hirche, A., Klovekorn, W. P., and Schaper, J. (1997) Upregulation of cell adhesion molecules and the presence of low grade inflammation in human chronic heart failure. Eur. Heart J. 18, 470–479.
Damas, J. K., Aukrust, P., Ueland, T., et al. (2001) Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 enhances and interleukin-10 suppresses the production of inflammatory cytokines in adult rat cardiomyocytes. Basic Res. Cardiol. 96, 345–352.
Koch, A. E., Polverini, P. J., Kunkel, S. L., et al. (1992) Interleukin-8 as a macrophage-derived mediator of angiogenesis. Science 258, 1798–1801.
Hesselgesser, J., Taub, D., Baskar, P., et al. (1998) Neuronal apoptosis induced by HIV-1 gp120 and the chemokine SDF-1alpha is mediated by the chemokine receptor CXCR4. Curr. Biol. 8, 595–598.
Li, N. and Karin, M. (1999) Is NF-kappaB the sensor of oxidative stress? FASEB J. 13, 1137–1143.
Valen, G., Yan, Z. Q., and Hansson, G. K. (2001) Nuclear factor kappa-B and the heart. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 38, 307–314.
Spinale, F. G., Coker, M. L., Heung, L. J., et al. (2000) A matrix metalloproteinase induction/activation system exists in the human left ventricular myocardium and is upregulated in heart failure. Circulation 102, 1944–1949.
Yamamoto, T., Eckes, B., Mauch, C., Hartmann, K., and Krieg, T. (2000) Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 enhances gene expression and synthesis of matrix metalloproteinase-1 in human fibroblasts by an autocrine IL-1 alpha loop. J. Immunol. 164, 6174–6179.
Heeschen C., Lehmann, R., Honold, J., et al. (2004) Profoundly reduced neovascularization capacity of bone marrow mononuclear cells derived from patients with chronic ischemic heart disease. Circulation 109, 1615–1622.
Valgimigli, M., Rigolin, G. M., Fucili, A., et al. (2004) CD34+ and endothelial progenitor cells in patients with various degrees of congestive heart failure. Circulation 110, 1209–1212.
Martin-Fontecha, A., Sebastiani, S., Hopken, U. E., et al. (2003). Regulation of dendritic cell migration to the draining lymph node: impact on T lymphocyte traffic and priming. J. Exp. Med. 198, 615–621.
Vieira, P. L., de Jong, E. C., Wiernga, E. A., Kapsenberg, M. L., and Kalinski, P. (2000) Development of Th1-inducing capacity in myeloid dendritic cells requires environmental instruction. J. Immunol. 164, 4507–4512.
Athanassopoulos, P., Vaessen, L. M., Maat, A. P., Balk, A. H., Weimar, W., and Bogers, A. J. (2004) Peripheral blood dendritic cells in human end-stage heart failure and the early post-transplant period: evidence for systemic Th1 immune responses. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 25, 619–626.
Ko, S., Deiwick, A., Jager, M. D., et al. (1999) The functional relevance of passenger leukocytes and microchimerism for heart allograft acceptance in the rat. Nat. Med. 5, 1292–1297.
Takata, H., Tomiyama, H., Fujiwara, M., Kobayashi, N., and Takiguchi, M. (2004) Cutting edge: expression of chemokine receptor CXCR1 on human effector CD8+ T cells. J. Immunol. 173, 2231–2235.
Noutsias, M., Pauschinger, M., Schultheiss, H., and Schultheiss U. Kh. (2002) Phenotypic characterization of infiltrates in dilated cardiomyopathy—diagnostic significance of T-lymphocytes and macrophages in inflammatory cardiomyopathy. Med. Sci. Monit. 8, CR478-CR487.
Varda-Bloom, N., Leor, J., Ohad, D. G., et al. (2000) Cytotoxic T lymphocytes are activated following myocardial infarction and can recognize and kill healthy myocytes in vitro. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 32, 2141–2149.
Holzinger, C., Schollhammer, A., Imhof, M., et al. (1995) Phenotypic patterns of mononuclear cells in dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation 92, 2876–2885.
Waehre, T., Damas, J. K., Gullestad, L., et al. (2003) Hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitors down-regulate chemokines and chemokine receptors in patients with coronary artery disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 41, 1460–1467.
Schioppa, T., Uranchimeg, B., Saccani, A., et al. (2003) Regulation of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 by hypoxia. J. Exp. Med. 198, 1391–1402.
Ceradini, D. J., Kulkarni, A. R., Callaghan, M. J., et al. (2004) Progenitor cell trafficking is regulated by hypoxic gradients through HIF-1 induction of SDF-1. Nat. Med. 10, 858–864.
Khandaker, M. H., Mitchell, G., Xu, L., et al. (1999) Metalloproteinases are involved in lipopolysaccharide-and tumor necrosis factor-α-mediated regulation of CXCR1 and CXCR2 chemokine receptor expression. Blood 93, 2173–2185.
Richardson, R. M., Pridgen, B. C., Haribabu, B., Ali, H., and Snyderman, R. (1998) Differential cross-regulation of the human chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2. Evidence for time-dependent signal generation. J. Biol. Chem. 273 23,830–23,836.
Shalekoff, S. and Tiemessen, C. T. (2001) Duration of sample storage dramatically alters expression of the human immunodeficiency virus coreceptors CXCR4 and CCR5. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 8, 432–436.
Berhanu, D., Mortari, F., De Rosa, S. C. and Roederer, M. (2003) Optimized lymphocyte isolation methods for analysis of chemokine receptor expression. J. Immunol. Methods 279, 199–207.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Athanassopoulos, P., Vaessen, L.M.B., Balk, A.H.M.M. et al. Altered chemokine receptor profile on circulating leukocytes in human heart failure. Cell Biochem Biophys 44, 83–101 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1385/CBB:44:1:083
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/CBB:44:1:083