Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States (1). Many tumors, including lung cancer, have the capacity to promote immune tolerance and escape host immune surveillance (2). Tumors utilize numerous pathways to inhibit immune responses including the elaboration of immune inhibitory cytokines. In addition to direct secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines, lung cancer cells may induce host cells to release immune inhibitors (3–7). We have reported previously that human lung cancer cell-derived prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) can orchestrate an imbalance in the production of interleukins (IL)-10 and -12 in lymphocytes and macrophages (5). IL-10 and -12 are critical regulatory elements of cell-mediated antitumor immunity. While IL-10 inhibits important aspects of cell-mediated immunity, IL-12 induces type 1 cytokine production and effective antitumor cell-mediated responses (8–12). IL-10 overproduction at the tumor site has been implicated in tumor-mediated immune suppression (13,14). In contrast, IL-12 is critical for effective antitumor immunity (15,16). In both tumor models and patients, the tumor-bearing state induces lymphocyte and macrophage IL-10 but inhibits macrophage IL-12 production (5,6,17–19). Because PGE2 appears to be pivotal in the reciprocal regulation of IL-10 and IL-12 (20,21), we have sought to determine the pathways responsible for its high-level production at the tumor site.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ramanathan, R. and Belani, C. (1997) Chemotherapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer: past, present and future. Semin. Oncol. 24, 440–454.
Chouaib, S., Assellin-Paturel, C., Mami-Chouaib, F., Caignard, A., and Blay, J. (1997) The host-tumor immune conflict: from immunosuppression to resistance and destruction. Immunol. Today 18, 493–497.
Alleva, D. G., Burger, C. J., and Elgert, K. D. (1994) Tumor-induced regulation of suppressor macrophage nitric oxide and TNF-alpha production: role of tumor-derived IL-10, TGF-beta and prostaglandin E2. The Journal of Immunology 153, 1674–1686.
Huang, M., Sharma, S., Mao, J. T., and Dubinett, S. M. (1996) Non-small cell lung cancer-derived soluble mediators and prostaglandin E2 enhance peripheral blood lymphocyte IL-10 transcription and protein production. J. Immunol. 157, 5512–5520.
Huang, M., Stolina, M., Sharma, S., Mao, J., Zhu, L., Miller, P., et al. (1998) Non-small cell lung cancer cyclooxygenase-2-dependent regulation of cytokine balance in lymphocytes and macrophages: up-regulation of interleukin 10 and down-regulation of interleukin 12 production. Cancer Res. 58, 1208–1216.
Halak, B. K., Maguire, Jr., H. C., and Lattime, E. C. (1999) Tumor-induced interleukin-10 inhibits type 1 immune responses directed at a tumor antigen as well as a non-tumor antigen present at the tumor site. Cancer Res. 59, 911–917.
Maeda, H. and Shiraishi, A. (1996) TGF-β contributes to the shift toward Th2-type responses through direct and IL-10 mediated pathways in tumor-bearing mice. J. Immunol. 156, 73–78.
Beissert, S., Hosoi, J., Grabbe, S., Asahina, A., and Granstein, R. D. (1995) IL-10 inhibits tumor antigen presentation by epidermal antigen-presenting cells. J. Immunol. 154, 1280–1286.
Nastala, C. L., Edington, H. D., McKinney, T. G., Tahara, H., Nalesnik, M. A., Brunda, M. J., et al. (1994) Recombinant IL-12 administration induces tumor regression in association with IFN-γ production. J. Immunol. 153, 1697–1706.
Nabioullin, R., Sone, S., Nii A.,, Haku, T., and Ogura, T. (1994) Induction mechanism of human blood CD8+ T cell proliferation and cytotoxicity by natural killer cell stimulatory factor (interleukin-12). Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 85, 853–861.
Trinchieri, G. (1993) Interleukin-12 and its role in the generation of TH1 cells. Immunol. Today 14, 335–338.
de Waal-Malefyt, R., Haanen, J., Spits, H., Roncarolo, M. G., Te Velde, A., Fidgor, C., et al. (1991) Interleukin-10 (IL10) and viral IL-10 strongly reduce antigen-specific human T-cell proliferation by diminishing the antigen-presenting capacity of monocytes via down-regulation of class-II major histocompatibility complex expression. J. Exp. Med. 174, 915–924.
Kim, J., Modlin, R. L., Moy, R. L., Dubinett, S. M., McHugh, T., Nickoloff, B. J., and Uyemura, K. (1995) IL-10 production in cutaneous basal and squamous cell carcinomas: A mechanism for evading the local T cell immune response. J. Immunol. 155, 2240–2247.
Qin, Z., Noffz, G., Mohaupt, M., and Blankenstein, T. (1997) Interleukin-10 prevents dendritic cell accumulation and vaccination with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene-modified tumor cells. J. Immunol. 159, 770–776.
Bianchi, R., Grohmann, U., Belladonna, M., Silla, S., Fallarino, F., Ayroldi, E., et al. (1996) IL-12 is both required and sufficient for initiating T cell reactivity to a class I-restricted tumor peptide (P815AB) following transfer of P815AB-pulsed dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 157, 1589–1597.
Colombo, M., Vagliani, M., Spreafico, F., Parenza, M., Chiodoni, C., Melani, C., and Stoppacciaro, A. (1996) Amount of interleukin 12 available at the tumor site is critical for tumor regression. Cancer Res. 56, 2531–2534.
Kobayashi, M., Kobayashi, H., Pollard, R., and Suzuki, F. (1998) A pathogenic role of Th2 cells and their cytokine products on the pulmonary metastasis of murine B16 melanoma. J. Immunol. 160, 5869–5873.
Handel-Fernandez, M. E., Ching, X., Herbert, L. M., and Lopez, D. M. (1997) Down-regulation of IL-12, not a shift from a T helper-1 to a T helper-2 phenotype, is responsible for impaired IFN-γ production in mammary tumor-bearing mice. J. Immunol. 158, 280–286.
Rohrer, J. W. and Coggin, Jr., J. H. (1995) CD8 T cell clones inhibit antitumor T cell function by secreting IL-10. J. Immunol. 155, 5719–5727.
Van der Pouw Kraan, T., Boeije, L., Smeenk, R., Wijdenes, J. and Aarden, L. (1995) Prostaglandin-E2 is a potent inhibitor of human interleukin 12 production. J. Exp. Med. 181, 775–779.
Strassmann, G., Patil-Koota V., Finkelman, F., Fong, M., and Kambayashi, T. (1994) Evidence for the involvement of interleukin 10 in the differential deactivation of murine peritoneal macrophages by prostaglandin E2. J. Exp. Med. 180, 2365–2370.
Smith, W., Garavito, R., and DeWitt, D. (1996) Prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthases (Cyclooxygenase)-1 and-2. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 33157–33160.
Herschman, H. (1996) Review: Prostaglandin synthase 2. Biochim. Biophy. Acta 1299, 125–140.
Herschman, H. R., Kujubu, D. A., Fletcher, B. S., Ma, Q., Varnum, B. C., Gilbert, R. S., and Reddy, S. T. (1994) The tis genes, primary response genes induced by growth factors and tumor promoters in 3T3 cells. Prog. Nucleic Acids Res. Mol. Biol. 47, 113–148.
Hla, T. and Neilson, K. (1992) Human Cyclooxygenase-2 cDNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 7384–7388.
Tsujii, M. and Dubois, R. (1995) Alterations in cellular adhesion and apoptosis in epithelial cells overexpressing prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-2. Cell 83, 493–501.
Tsujii, M., Kawano, S., and DuBois, R. (1997) Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human colon cancer cells increases metastatic potential. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 3336–3340.
Tsujii, M., Kawano, S., Tsuji, S., Sawaoka, H., Hori, M., and DuBois, R. (1998) Cyclooxygenase regulates angiogenesis induced by colon cancer cells. Cell 93, 705–716.
Dubois, R. N., Abramson, S. B., Crofford, L., Gupta, R. A., Simon, L. S., Van De Putte, L. B., and Lipsky, P. E. (1998) Cyclooxygenase in biology and disease. Faseb. J. 12, 1063–1073.
Kargman, S. L., O’Neill, G. P., Vickers, P. J., Evans, J. F., Mancini, J. A., and Jothy, S. (1995) Expression of prostaglandin G/H synthase-1 and-2 protein in human colon cancer. Cancer Res. 55, 2556–2559.
Sano, H., Kawahito, Y., Wilder, R. L., Hashiramoto, A., Mukai, S., Asai, K., et al. (1995) Expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and-2 in human colorectal cancer. Cancer Res. 55, 3785–3789.
Wolff, H., Saukkonen, K., Anttila, S., Karjalainen, A., Vainio, H., and Ristimaki, A. (1998) Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in human lung carcinoma. Cancer Res. 58. 4997–5001.
Liu, X.-H. and Rose, D. P. (1996) Differential expression and regulation of cyclooxygenase-1 and-2 in two human breast cancer cell lines. Cancer Res. 56, 5125–5127.
Ristimaki, A., Honkanen, N., Jankala, H., Sipponen, P., and Harkonen, M. (1997) Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in human gastric carcinoma. Cancer Res. 57, 1276–1280.
Tucker, O. N., Dannenberg, A. J., Yang, E. K., Zhang, F., Teng, L., Daly, J. M., et al. (1999) Cyclooxygenase-2 expression is up-regulated in human pancreatic cancer. Cancer Res. 59, 987–990.
Wilson, K., Fu, S., Ramanujam, K., and Meltzer, S. (1998) Increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in Barrett’s esophagus and associated adenocarcinomas. Cancer Res. 58, 2929–2934.
Chan, G., Boyle, J. O., Yang, E. K., Zhang, F., Sacks, P. G., Shah, J. P., et al. (1999) Cyclooxygenase-2 expression is up-regulated in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Cancer Res. 59, 991–994.
Shiota, G., Okubo, M., Noumi, T., Noguchi, N., Oyama, K., Takano, Y., et al. (1999) Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology 46, 407–412.
Sharma, S., Miller, P., Stolina, M., Zhu, L., Huang, M., Paul, R., and Dubinett, S. (1997) Multi-component gene therapy vaccines for lung cancer: effective eradication of established murine tumors in vivo with Interleukin 7 / Herpes Simplex Thymidine Kinase-transduced autologous tumor and ex vivo-activated dendritic cells. Gene Ther. 4, 1361–1370.
Huang, M., Wang, J., Lee, P., Sharma, S., Mao, J. T., Meissner, H., et al. (1995) Human non-small cell lung cancer cells express a type 2 cytokine pattern. Cancer Res. 55, 3847–3853.
Dubinett, S. M., Kurnick, J. T., and Kradin, R. L. (1989) Adoptive immunotherapy of murine pulmonary metastases with interleukin 2 and interferon-gamma. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 1, 361–369.
Chiabrando, C., Broggini, M., Castagnoli, M. N., Donelli, M. G., Noseda, A., Visintainer, M., et al. (1985) Prostaglandin and thromboxane synthesis by Lewis lung carcinoma during growth. Cancer Res. 45, 3605–3608.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Sharma, S., Huang, M., Dohadwala, M., Pold, M., Batra, R.K., Dubinett, S.M. (2003). Cyclooxygenase 2-Dependent Regulation of Antitumor Immunity in Lung Cancer. In: Driscoll, B. (eds) Lung Cancer. Methods in Molecular Medicine™, vol 75. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-324-0:723
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-324-0:723
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-0-89603-920-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-324-8
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols