Abstract
Model systems are a mainstay in toxicological research. Zebrafish are rapidly becoming an important model organism for studying vertebrate development. The advantages of zebrafish: short reproductive cycle, production of numerous transparent, synchronously developing embryos, low cost, and standardization make zebrafish and attractive model for toxicologists as well. The use of these fish to study heart development has moved forward very rapidly, laying the groundwork for studying the effects of chemicals on cardiac development and function. Here we describe approaches that can be used to study cardiac toxicity in developing zebrafish, focusing on examples where zebrafish embryos have been especially useful in understanding the impact of specific toxicants on heart development and function.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Hill, A.J., Teraoka, H., Heideman, W., and Peterson, R.E. (2005). Zebrafish as a model vertebrate for investigating toxicity. Toxicol. Sci. (in press).
Scalzo, F.M., and Levin, E.D. (2004). The use of zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model system in neurobehavioral toxicology. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 26:707–708.
Spitsbergen, J.M., and Kent, M.L. (2003). The state of the art of the zebrafish model for toxicology and toxicologic pathology research—advantages and current limitations. Toxicol. Pathol. 31(Suppl.):62–87.
Teraoka, H., Dong, W., and Hiraga, T. (2003). Zebrafish as a novel experimental model for developmental toxicology. Congenit. Anom. (Kyoto) 43:123–132.
Lele, Z., and Krone, P.H. (1996). The zebrafish as a model system in developmental, toxicological and transgenic research. Biotechnol. Adv. 14:57–72.
Stainier, D., Fouquet, B., Chen, J., Warren, K, Weinstein, B., Meiler, S., et al. (1996). Mutations affecting the formation and function of the cardiovascular system in the zebrafish embryo. Development 123:285–292.
Chen, J., Haffter, P., Odenthal, J., Vogelsang, E., Brand, M., van Eeden, F., et al.: (1996). Mutations affecting the cardiovascular system and otherinternal organs in zebrafish. Development 123:293–302.
Amsterdam, A., Nissen, R.M., Sun, Z., Swindell, E.C., Farrington, S., and Hopkins, N. (2004). Identification of 315 genes essential for early zebrafish development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:12,792–12,797.
Le Trinh, A., and Stainier, D.Y. (2004). Cardiac development. Methods Cell Biol. 76:455–473.
Hove, J.R., Koster, R.W., Forouhar, A.S., Acevedo-Bolton, G., Fraser, S.E., and Gharib, M. (2003). Intracardiac fluid forces are an essential epigenetic factor for embryonic cardiogenesis. Nature 421:172–177.
Bartman, T., Walsh, E.C., Wen, K.K., McKane, M., Ren, J., Alexander, J., et al. 2004). Early myocardial function affects endocardial cushion development in zebrafish. PLoS Biol. 2:E129.
Hu, N., Sedmera, D. Yost, H.J., and Clark, E.B. (2000). Structure and function of the developing zebrafish heart. Anat. Rec. 260:148–157.
Incardona, J.P., Collier, T.K., and Scholz, N.L. (2004). Defects in cardiac function precede morphological abnormalities in fish embryos exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 196:191–205.
Henry, T.R., Spitsbergen, J.M., Hornung, M.W., Abnet, C.C., and Peterson, R.E. (1997). Early life stage toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 142:56–68.
Belair, C.D., Peterson, R.E., and Heideman, W. (2001). Disruption of erythropoiesis by dioxin in the zebrafish. Dev. Dyn. 222:581–594.
Teraoka, H., Dong, W., Ogawa, S., Tsukiyama, S., Okuhara, Y., Niiyama, M., et al. (2002). 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin toxicity in the zebrafish embryo: altered regional blood flow and impaired lower jaw development. Toxicol. Sci. 65:192–199.
Dong, W., Teraoka, H., Tsujimoto, Y., Stegeman, J.J., and Hiraga, T. (2004). Role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor in mesencephalic circulation failure and apoptosis in zebrafish embryos exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Toxicol. Sci. 77:109–116.
Dong, W., Teraoka, H., Yamazaki, K., Tsukiyama, S., Imani, S., Imagawa, T., et al. (2002). 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin toxicity in the zebrafish embryo: local circulation failure in the dorsal midbrain is associated with increased apoptosis. Toxicol. Sci. 69:191–201.
Prasch, A.L., Teraoka, H., Carney, S.A., Dong, W., Hiraga, T., Stegeman, J.J., et al. (2003): Aryl hydrocarbon receptor 2 mediates 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin developmental toxicity in zebrafish. Toxicol. Sci. 76:138–150.
Carney, S.A., Peterson, R.E., and Heideman, W. (2004). 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor/aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator pathway causes developmental toxicity through a CYP1A-independent mechanism in zebrafish. Mol. Pharmacol. 66:512–521.
Prasch, A.L., Heideman, W., and Peterson R.E. (2004). ARNT2 is not required for TCDD developmental toxicity in zebrafish. Toxicol. Sci. 82(1):250–258.
Ransom, D.G., Haffter, P., Odenthal, J., Brownlie, A., Vogelsang, E., Kelsh, R.N., et al. (1996). Characterization of zebrafish mutants with defects in embryonic hematopoiesis. Development 123:311–319.
Kudoh, T., Tsang, M., Hukriede, N.A., Chen, X., Dedekian, M., Clarke, C.J., et al. (2001). A gene expression screen in zebrafish embryogenesis. Genome Res. 11:1979–1987.
Antkiewicz, D.S., Burns, C.G., Carney, S.A., Peterson, R.E., and Heideman, W. (2005). Heart malformation is an early response to TCDD in embryonic zebrafish. Toxicol. Sci. 84:1–10.
Mably, J.D., Mohideen, M.A., Burns, C.G., Chen, J.N., and Fishman, M.C. (2003). Heart of glass regulates the concentric growth of the heart in zebrafish. Curr. Biol. 13: 2138–2147.
Jokinen, M.P., Walker, N.J., Brix, A.E., Sells, D.M., Haseman, J.K., and Nyska, A. (2003). Increase in cardiovascular pathology in female Sprague-Dawley rats following chronic treatment with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and 3,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl. Cardiovasc. Toxicol. 3:299–310.
Ivnitski, I., Elmaoued, R., and Walker, M.K. (2001). 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) inhibition of coronary development is preceded by a decrease in myocyte proliferation and an increase in cardiac apoptosis. Teratology 64:201–212.
Walker, M.K., Johnson, C.D., Tadesse, M., Ramos, K.S., Steele, I.D., and Thackaberry, E.A. (2003). Dioxin induces growth arrest and reduces cell cycle gene expression in the fetal murine heart. Toxicologist 77:231.
Bello, S.M., Heideman, W., and Peterson, R.E. (2004). 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin inhibits regression of the common cardinal vein in developing zebrafish. Toxicol. Sci. 78:258–266.
Lawson, N.D., and Weinstein, B.M. (2002). In vivo imaging of embryonic vascular development using transgenic zebrafish. Dev. Biol. 248:307–318.
Perz-Edwards, A., Hardison, N.L., and Linney, E. (2001). Retinoic acid-mediated gene expression in transgenic reporter zebrafish. Dev. Biol. 229:89–101.
Isogai, S., Horiguchi, M., and Weinstein, B.M. (2001). The vascular anatomy of the developing zebrafish: an atlas of embryonic and early larval development. Dev. Biol. 230: 278–301.
Cheng, S.H., Chan, P.K.., and Wu, R.S. (2001). The use of microangiography in detecting aberrant vasculature in zebrafish embryos exposed to cadmium. Aquat. Toxicol. 52:61–71.
Ho, R.K., and Kane, D.A. (1990). Cell-autonomous action of zebrafish spt-1 mutation in specific mesodermal precursors. Nature 348:728–730.
Kimmel, C.B., and Warga, R.M. (1988). Cell lineage and developmental potential of cells in the zebrafish embryo. Trends Genet. 4:68–74.
Baker, K., Warren, K.S., Yellen, G., and Fishman, M.C. (1997). Defective “pacemaker” current (Ih) in a zebrafish mutant with a slow heart rate. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:4554–4559.
Langheinrich, U., Vacun, G., and Wagner, T. (2003). Zebrafish embryos express an orthologue of HERG and are sensitive toward a range of QT-prolonging drugs inducing severe arrhythmia. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 193: 370–382.
MacRae, C.A., and Peterson, R.T. (2003). Zebrafish-based small molecule discovery. Chem. Biol. 10:901–908.
Milan, D.J., Peterson, T.A., Ruskin, J.N., Peterson, R.T., and MacRae, C.A. (2003). Drugs that induce replarization abnormalities cause bradycardia in zebrafish. Circulation 107:1355–1358.
Paffett-Lugassy, N.N., and Zon, L.I. (2004). Analysis of hematopoietic development in the zebrafish. Meth. Mol. Med. 105:171–198.
Peterson, R.T., Shaw, S.Y., Peterson, T.A., Milan, D.J., Zhong, T.P., Schreiber, S.L., et al. (2004). Chemical suppression of a genetic mutation in a zebrafish model of aortic coarctation. Nat. Biotechnol. 22:595–599.
Peterson, R.T., Mably, J.D., Chen, J.N., and Fishman, M.C. (2001). Convergence of distinct pathways to heart patterning revealed by the small molecule concentramide and the mutation heart-and-soul. Curr. Biol. 11:1481–1491.
Zhong, T.P., Rosenberg, M., Mohideen, M.A., Weinstein, B., and Fishman, M.C. (2000). gridlock, an HLH gene required for assembly of the aorta in zebrafish. Science 287: 1820–1824.
Horne-Badovinac, S., Lin, D., Waldron, S., Schwarz, M., Mbamalu, G., Pawson, T., et al. (2001). Positional cloning of heart and soul reveals multiple roles for PKC lambda in zebrafish organogenesis. Curr. Biol. 11:1492–1502.
Sehnert, A.J., Huq, A., Weinstein, B.M., Walker, C., Fishman, M., and Stainier, D.Y. (2002). Cardiac troponin T is essential in sarcomere assembly and cardiac contractility. Nat. Genet. 31:106–110.
Ekker, S.C., and Larson, J.D. (2001). Morphant technology in model developmental systems. Genesis 30:89–93.
Prasch, A.L., Andreasen, E.A., Peterson, R.E., and Heideman, W. (2004). Interactions between 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and hypoxia signaling pathways in zebrafish: hypoxia decreases responses to TCDD in zebrafish embryos. Toxicol. Sci. 78:68–77.
Teraoka, H., Dong, W., Tsujimoto, Y., Iwasa, H., Endoh, D., Ueno, N., et al.: (2003). Induction of cytochrome P450 1A is required for circulation failure and edema by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in zebrafish. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 304:223–228.
Ton, C., Stamatiou, D., Dzau, V.J., and Liew, C.C. (2002). Construction of a zebrafish cDNA microarray: gene expression profiling of the zebrafish during development. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 296:1134–1142.
Ton, C., Stamatiou, D., and Liew, C.C. (2003). Gene expression profile of zebrafish exposed to hypoxia during development. Physiol. Genomics 13:97–106.
Linney, E., Dobbs-McAuliffe, B, Sajadi, H., and Malek, R.L. (2004). Microarray gene expression profiling during the segmentation phase of zebrafish development. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Toxicol. Pharmacol 138:351–362.
Leung, A.Y., Mendenhall, E.M., Kwan, T.T., Liang, R., Eckfeldt, C., Chen, E., et al. (2005). Characterization of expanded intermediate cell mass in zebrafish chordin morphant embryos. Dev. Biol. 277:235–254.
Rawls, J.F., Samuel, B.S., and Gordon, J.I. (2004). Gnotobiotic zebrafish reveal evolutionarily conserved responses to the gut microbiota. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:4596–4601.
Shrader, E.A., Henry, T.R., Greeley, M.S., Jr., and Bradley, B.P. (2003). Proteomics in zebrafish exposed to endocrine disrupting chemicals. Ecotoxicology 12:485–488.
Kupperman, E., An, S., Osborne, N., Waldron, S., and Stainier, D.Y. (2000). A sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor regulates cell migration during vertebrate heart development. Nature 406:192–195.
Kikuchi, Y., Agathon, A., Alexander, J., Thisse, C., Waldron, S., Yelon, D., et al. (2001). Casanova encodes a novel Sox-related protein necessary and sufficient for early endoderm formation in zebrafish. Genes Dev. 15: 1493–1505.
Alexander, J., Rothenberg, M., Henry, G.L., and Stainier, D.Y. (1999). Casanova plays an early and essential role in endoderm formation in zebrafish. Dev. Biol. 215:343–357.
Reiter, J.F., Alexander, J., Rodaway, A., Yelon, D., Patient, R., Holder, N., et al. (1999). Gata 5 is required for the development of the heart and endoderm in zebrafish. Genes Dev. 13:2983–2995.
Trinhle, A., and Stainier, D.Y. (2004) Fibronectin regulates epithelial organization during myocardial migration in zebrafish. Dev. Cell 6:371–382.
Kikuchi, Y., Trinh, L.A., Reiter, J.F., Alexander, J., Yelon, D., and Stainier, D.Y. (2000). The zebrafish bonnie and clyde gene encodes a Mix family homeodomain protein that regulates the generation of endodermal precursors. Genes Dev. 14:1279–1289.
Keegan, B.R., Feldman, J.L., Lee, D.H., Koos, D.S., Ho, R.K., Stainier, D.Y., et al. (2002). The elongation factors Pandora/Spt6 and Foggy/Spt5, promote transcription in the zebrafish embryo. Development 129:1623–1632.
Shu, X., Cheng, K., Patel, N., Chen, F., Joseph, E., Tsai, H.J., et al. (2003). Na, K-ATPase is essential for embryonic heart development in the zebrafish. Development 130: 6165–6173.
Yuan, S., and Joseph, E.M. (2004). The small heart mutation reveals novel roles of Na+/K+-ATPase in maintaining ventricular cardiomyocyte morphology and viability in zebrafish. Circ. Res. 95:595–603.
Gritsman, K., Zhang, J., Cheng, S., Heckscher, E., Talbot, W.S., and Schier, A.F. (1999). The EGF-CFC protein one-eyed pinhead is essential for nodal signaling. Cell 97: 121–132.
Schier, A.F., Neuhauss, S.C., Helde, K.A., Talbot, W.S., and Driever, W. (1997). The one-eyed pinhead gene functions in mesoderm and endoderm formation in zebrafish and interacts with no tail. Development 124:327–342.
Griffin, K.J., Amacher S.L., Kimmel, C.B., and Kimelman, D. (1998). Molecular identification of spadetail: regulation of zebrafish trunk and tail mesoderm formation by T-box genes. Development 125:3379–3388.
Yelon, D., Ticho, B., Halpern, M.E.., Ruvinsky, I., Ho, R.K., Silver, L.M., et al. (2000). The bHLH transcription factor hand2 plays parallel roles in zebrafish heart and pectoral fin development. Development 127:2573–2582.
Liao, W., Ho, C.Y., Yan, Y.L., Postlethwait, J., and Stainier, D.Y. (2000). Hhex and scl function in parallel to regulate early endothelial and blood differentiation in zebrafish. Development 127:4303–4313.
Walsh, E.C., and Stainier, D.Y. (2001). UDP-glucose dehydrogenase required for cardiac valve formation in zebrafish. Science 293:1670–1673.
Jiang, Y.J., Brand, M., Heisenberg, C.P., Beuchle, D., Furutani-Seiki, M., Kelsh, R.N., et al. (1996). Mutations affecting neurogenesis and brain morphology in the zebrafish, Danio rerio. Development 123:205–216.
Berdougo, E., Coleman, H., Lee, D.H., Stainier, D.Y., and Yelon, D. (2003). Mutation of weak atrium/atrial myosin heavy chain disrupts atrial function and influences ventricular morphogenesis in zebrafish. Development 130:6121–6129.
Garrity, D.M., Childs, S., and Fishman, M.C. (2002). The heartstrings mutation in zebrafish causes heart/fin Tbx5 deficiency syndrome. Development 129:4635–4645.
Rottbauer, W., Baker, K., Wo, Z.G., Mohideen, M.A., Cantiello, H.F., and Fishman, M.C. (2001). Growth and function of the embryonic heart depend upon the cardiac-specific L-type calcium channel alphal subunit. Dev. Cell 1:265–275.
Xu, X., Meiler, S.E., Zhong, T.P., Mohideen, M., Crossley, D.A., Burggren, W.W., et al. (2002). Cardiomyopathy in zebrafish due to mutation in an alternatively spliced exon of titin. Nat. Genet. 30:205–209.
Schauerte, H.E., van Eeden, F.J., Fricke, C., Odenthal, J., Strahle, U., and Haffer, P. (1998). Sonic hedgehog is not required for the induction of medial floor plate cells in the zebrafish. Development 125:2983–2993.
Karlstrom, R.O., Tyurina, O.V., Kawakami, A., Nishioka, N., Talbot, W.S., Sasaki, H., et al. (2003). Genetic analysis of zebrafish gli1 and gli2 reveals divergent requirements for gli genes in vertebrate development. Development 130: 1549–1564.
Nakano, Y., Kim, H.R., Kawakami, A., Roy, S., Schier, A.F., and Ingham, P.W. (2004). Inactivation of dispatched 1 by the chameleon mutation disrupts Hedgehog signalling in the zebrafish embryo. Dev. Biol. 269:381–392.
Begemann, G., and Ingham, P.W. (2000). Developmental regulation of Tbx5 in zebrafish embryogenesis. Mech. Dev. 90:299–304.
Alexander, J. Stainier, D.Y., and Yelon, D. (1998). Screening mosaic F1 females for mutations affecting zebrafish heart induction and patterning. Dev. Genet. 22:288–299.
Yelon, D., Horne, S.A., and Stainier, D.Y. (1999). Restricted expression of cardiac myosin genes reveals regulated aspects of heart tube assembly in zebrafish. Dev. Biol. 214: 23–37.
Cheng, C.W., Hui, C. Strahle, U., and Cheng, S.H. (2001). Identification and expression of zebrafish Iroquois homeo-box gene irx 1. Dev. Genes Evol. 211: 442–444.
Hurlstone, A.F., Haramis, A.P., Wienholds, E., Begthel, H., Korving, J., Van Eeden, F., et al. (2003). The Wnt/beta-catenin pathway regulates cardiac valve formation. Nature 425:633–637.
Zhong, T.P., Childs, S., Leu, J.P., and Fishman, M.C. (2001). Gridlock signalling pathway fashions the first embryonic artery. Nature 414:216–220.
Huang, C.J., Tu, C.T., Hsiao, C.D., Hsieh, F.J., and Tsai, H.J. (2003). Germ-line transmission of a myocardium-specific GFP transgene reveals critical regulatory elements in the cardiac myosin light chain 2 promoter of zebrafish. Dev. Dyn. 228:30–40.
Motoike, T., Loughna, S., Perens, E., Roman, B.L., Liao, W., Chau, T.C., et al. (2000). Universal GFP reporter for the study of vascular development. Genesis 28: 75–81.
Long, Q., Meng, A., Wang, H., Jessen, J.R., Farrell, M.J., and Lin, S. (1997). GATA-1 expression pattern can be recapitulated in living transgenic zebrafish using GFP reporter gene. Development 124:4105–4111.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Heideman, W., Antkiewicz, D.S., Carney, S.A. et al. Zebrafish and cardiac toxicology. Cardiovasc Toxicol 5, 203–214 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1385/CT:5:2:203
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/CT:5:2:203