https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4598-7721
Figures
Abstract
Background
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) monotherapy is the standard of care in treating advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Nevertheless, whether adding pemetrexed-based chemotherapy to EGFR-TKI targeted therapy furtherly prolongs survival outcomes and improves responses remains controversial. Therefore, we conducted this pooled analysis to compare the efficacy and tolerability between gefitinib plus pemetrexed-based chemotherapy and gefitinib alone in the first-line treatment of advanced NSCLC patients with mutated EGFR.
Methods
We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane CENTRAL on June 23, 2022. Eligible studies were registered randomized clinical trials comparing gefitinib plus pemetrexed-based chemotherapy with gefitinib alone. The primary outcomes were overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), and discontinuation rate (DR) were explored as secondary outcomes.
Results
Eight studies within five randomized clinical trials were eligible. Gefitinib combined with pemetrexed-based chemotherapy significantly prolonged OS (hazard ratio [HR] 0.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.37–0.89, p = 0.0125) and PFS (HR 0.52, 95% CI 0.39–0.70, p < 0.0001) versus gefitinib alone. In subgroup analysis, patients with EGFR exon 19 deletion and exon 21 L858R could benefit from the addition of pemetrexed-based chemotherapy to gefitinib in terms of PFS (EGFR exon 19 deletion: HR 0.50, 95% CI 0.34–0.75, p = 0.0008; EGFR exon 21 L858R: HR 0.46, 95% CI 0.26–0.82, p = 0.0079) but not OS. In addition, ORR was improved after the administration of gefitinib plus pemetrexed-based chemotherapy against gefitinib (odds ratio [OR] 1.91, 95% CI 1.44–2.55, p < 0.0001). Both strategies showed comparable DCRs (OR 1.46, 95% CI 0.94–2.26, p = 0.0952) and DRs (risk ratio [RR] 2.80, 95% CI 0.69–11.44, p = 0.1509).
Citation: Wang B-C, Zhang W-X, Kuang B-H, Lin G-H (2022) The efficacy and tolerability of combining pemetrexed-based chemotherapy with gefitinib in the first-line treatment of non-small cell lung cancer with mutated EGFR: A pooled analysis of randomized clinical trials. PLoS ONE 17(10): e0275919. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275919
Editor: Alessandro Rizzo, IRCCS Giovanni Paolo II Cancer Hospital, ITALY
Received: August 16, 2022; Accepted: September 26, 2022; Published: October 10, 2022
Copyright: © 2022 Wang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All eligible clinical trials can be searched and downloaded from their official websites. 1. 10.1016/j.ejca.2014.05.011 2. 10.1200/jco.2016.66.9218 3. 10.1016/j.jtho.2015.11.008 4. 10.1002/ijc.30806 5. 10.1200/jco.19.01488 6. 10.1007/s11523-020-00708-y 7. 10.1200/jco.19.01154 8. 10.1016/j.jtho.2019.09.008.
Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy have been applied in the front-line treatments of lung cancer [1, 2]. For advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients harboring mutated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) (especially exon 19 deletion and exon 21 L858R), first-generation small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) could be the first-line option [3]. Although EGFR TKIs have been certificated to be superior to standard chemotherapy by numerous clinical trials [4–6], drug resistance may develop within 8–12 months [7].
In terms of gefitinib, the addition of pemetrexed-based chemotherapy might be an effective strategy that could enhance efficacy and decrease resistance. In JMIT trial, concurrent pemetrexed and gefitinib were administered in advanced non-squamous NSCLC patients with EGFR exon 19 deletion and exon 21 L858R [8]. Final results indicated that gefitinib combined with pemetrexed significantly improved progression-free survival (PFS) (16.2 months vs. 11.1 months) and numerically longer overall survival (OS) (43.4 months vs. 36.8 months) [9]. However, in another trial reported by Yang’s team, gefitinib combined with pemetrexed and cisplatin failed to prolong OS versus gefitinib alone (32.4 months vs. 45.7 months) in EGFR-mutated NSCLC patients [10]. The combination of gefitinib and pemetrexed-based chemotherapy in the first-line treatment of advanced NSCLC patients with mutated EGFR is still debatable.
Previously published meta-analyses had been conducted to explore the optimal first-line treatment for NSCLC harboring EGFR mutations and suggested gefitinib plus pemetrexed-based chemotherapy as one of the most effective strategies (the other one was osimertinib) [11, 12]. However, the enrolled data were published before 2018, and the final data were absent.
Updated results and newly designed clinical trials have been reported for the last three years. Therefore, we performed this pooled analysis of randomized clinical trials to assess the efficacy and tolerability of adding pemetrexed-based chemotherapy to gefitinib as the first-line treatment for advanced patients with EGFR-mutant NSCLC.
Methods
Search methods
We conducted this study according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guideline [13]. A comprehensive search of prospective clinical trials was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane CENTRAL with the search terms (lung cancer or lung adenocarcinoma) AND (gefitinib) AND (pemetrexed) on June 23, 2022. Additional eligible trials were acquired through searching the references of relevant published clinical trials and review articles.
Study selection
Inclusion criteria included: (1) Participants: previously untreated lung cancer with mutated EGFR; (2) Interventions: gefitinib with or without pemetrexed-based chemotherapy; (3) Comparison: gefitinib versus gefitinib plus pemetrexed-based chemotherapy; (4) Outcomes: data on survival outcomes, responses, and tolerability were available. English language and registered trials were eligible. Two authors performed the literature search and study selection independently, and any discrepancies were reviewed by a third author and resolved by consensus.
Outcome measures and data extraction
The primary outcome measures comprised OS and PFS. The secondary outcome was objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), and discontinuation rate (DR). Data extraction was conducted by two authors independently and reviewed by a third author. Data regarding the first author, year of publication, study design, disease stage of patients, number of patients, EGFR mutations, therapeutic strategies, median PFS, and median OS were recorded.
Statistical analysis
Data on OS and PFS were evaluated by hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). ORR and DCR data were assessed by odds ratio (OR) with 95% CIs. While DR data were measured by risk ratio (RR) with 95% CIs. Statistical analyses were performed using R Studio (version 1.4.1717, R Foundation for Statistical Computing). The “meta” package was used to perform the fixed effect model and random-effects model meta-analyses and tests for heterogeneity (I2 and τ) [14]. A fixed effect model was selected over a random-effects model if I ≤ 50%. τ2 = 0 indicated that no deviations were found across the trials. Additionally, publication bias was evaluated by Egger’s tests and p > 0.01 indicated no publication bias.
Results
Eligible studies and characteristics
1813 records were collected through a literature search and review of reference lists. After screening and eligibility evaluation, five registered, prospective, randomized clinical trials involving 1014 patients were included in the pooled analysis (Fig 1). The trials were reported between 2014 and 2020, as shown in Table 1 [8–10, 15–19]. Two were phase 2 trials, and the other three were phase 3 trials. Stage IV and stage IIIB patients who were not amenable to radical therapy were enrolled. In Noronha’s trials, two squamous NSCLC patients were involved. EGFR mutations comprised exon 19 deletion, exon 21 L858R, exon 21 S768I, exon 21 G719A, exon 21 G719C, exon 21 G719S, exon 21 L861Q, exon 18 G719X, exon 20 T790M, etc. Pemetrexed-based chemotherapeutic strategies included pemetrexed alone and pemetrexed plus carboplatin/cisplatin. In the gefitinib group, median OS ranged from 17.0 to 45.7 months, and median PFS ranged from 8.0 to 16.6 months. While in the gefitinib plus pemetrexed-based chemotherapy group, median OS ranged from 32.4 to 50.9 months, and median PFS ranged from 16.0 to 20.9 months.
Overall survival
Fig 2 depicts the forest plots of OS for HR. The estimated HR between gefitinib plus pemetrexed-based chemotherapy and gefitinib alone was 0.57 (95% CI 0.37–0.89, p = 0.0125; Heterogeneity: I2 = 0%; Fixed effect model), indicating that gefitinib plus pemetrexed-based chemotherapy significantly improved OS compared with gefitinib alone (Fig 2A).
(A) Total enrolled patients; (B) Patients with EGFR exon 19 deletion; (C) Patients with EGFR exon 21 L858R.
In subgroup analysis, data from three trials were available. However, the addition of pemetrexed-based chemotherapy failed to decrease the risk of death in patients with EGFR exon 19 deletion (HR 0.64, 95% CI 0.26–1.59, p = 0.3402; Heterogeneity: I2 = 0%; Fixed effect model) and exon 21 L858R (HR 0.66, 95% CI 0.25–1.73, p = 0.3984; Heterogeneity: I2 = 0%; Fixed effect model) (Fig 2B and 2C).
Progression-free survival
Fig 3 depicts the forest plots of PFS for HR. The estimated HR between gefitinib plus pemetrexed-based chemotherapy and gefitinib alone was 0.52 (95% CI 0.39–0.70, p < 0.0001; Heterogeneity: I2 = 0%; Fixed effect model), demonstrating that combination of gefitinib and pemetrexed-based chemotherapy significantly prolonged PFS versus gefitinib (Fig 3A).
(A) Total enrolled patients; (B) Patients with EGFR exon 19 deletion; (C) Patients with EGFR exon 21 L858R.
Similarly, subgroup analyses found that the adding pemetrexed-based chemotherapy to gefitinib significantly decreased the risk of disease progression or death in patients with EGFR exon 19 deletion (HR 0.50, 95% CI 0.34–0.57, p = 0.0008; Heterogeneity: I2 = 0%; Fixed effect model) and exon 21 L858R (HR 0.46, 95% CI 0.26–0.82, p = 0.0079; Heterogeneity: I2 = 0%; Fixed effect model) (Fig 3B and 3C).
Responses
All patients were eligible for the analyses of ORR and DCR. Compared with gefitinib monotherapy, adding pemetrexed-based chemotherapy to gefitinib showed a 1.91-time ORR (OR 1.91, 95% CI 1.44–2.55, p < 0.0001; Heterogeneity: I2 = 11%; Fixed effect model) (Fig 4A). Nevertheless, in terms of DCR, the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (OR 1.46, 95% CI 0.94–2.26, p = 0.0952; Heterogeneity: I2 = 0%; Fixed effect model) (Fig 4B).
Discontinuation rate
The tolerability was assessed by DRs in this study (Fig 5). Three trials involving 470 patients in the gefitinib plus pemetrexed-based chemotherapy group and 412 patients in the gefitinib group. Although the DR was higher in the combination therapy against monotherapy, no statistical differences were found (RR 2.80, 95% CI 0.69–11.44, p = 0.1509; Heterogeneity: I2 = 85%; Random-effects model).
Publication bias
Fig 6 shows the Egger’s tests in the analyses of OS (p = 0.3081), PFS (p = 0.2596), ORR (p = 0.3994), DCR (p = 0.9966), and DR (p = 0.1409), indicating the absence of publication bias.
Discussion
We performed a pooled analysis of gefitinib with or without pemetrexed-based chemotherapy in treating advanced previously untreated EGFR mutation-positive NSCLC patients. The combination of gefitinib and pemetrexed-based chemotherapy was found to be superior to gefitinib monotherapy, with improved OS, PFS, and ORR. However, OS benefits were not reported in patients with EGFR exon 19 deletion or exon 20 L858R.
To enhance the effects and conquer the resistance of TKIs, clinicians have tried various therapeutic forms in the first-line treatment for advanced NSCLC patients with mutated EGFR.
The FLAURA trial has provided solid evidence of the superiority of osimertinib versus first-generation TKI in EGFR mutation-positive advanced NSCLC [20, 21]. The median PFS was 18.9 months in the osimertinib group versus 10.2 months in the first-generation TKI group (HR 0.46, 95% CI 0.37–0.57, p < 0.001) [20]. The median OS was 38.6 months versus 31.8 months (HR 0.80. 95% CI 0.64–1.00, p 0.046) [21]. In the FLAURA2 trial, osimertinib plus pemetrexed and platinum chemotherapy was administered to achieve a higher efficacy and longer survival. The safety run-in results reported a manageable safety and tolerability profile for the combination therapy [22]. In detail, the most common treatment-related adverse event was constipation (60%), and 20% of enrolled patients suffered serious treatment-related adverse events [22]. Future results may uncover the feasibility, efficacy, and safety of combining third-generation EGFR TKI and pemetrexed-based chemotherapy.
As the application of third-generation EGFR TKI, the benefits from first-generation EFGR TKI monotherapy or combined with chemotherapy remains controversial. However, once NSCLC patients have got resistant to third-generation TKI therapy, no other effective targeted therapeutic drugs can be administered. This is a critical point that should not be ignored. Nevertheless, third-generation TKI therapy could be an optimal option for EGFR mutation-positive NSCLC patients after first-generation TKI therapy. Therefore, first-line TKI-based therapies are meaningful. Additionally, in treating advanced NSCLC patients with mutated EGFR, only comparing different drugs in one line treatment may not be enough. Making long-range therapeutic planning might be more practical for advanced EGFR-mutated NSCLC patients in real-world clinical practice.
Antiangiogenic therapy could be an option for a subset of patients who are not well tolerated in pemetrexed-based chemotherapy. In Huang’s study, different EGFR TKIs (including gefitinib, erlotinib, and afatinib) plus bevacizumab strategies were investigated as the first-line treatment [23]. The median PFS was 16.4 months with a 77.7% ORR and a 94.4% DCR. Moreover, longer PFS was observed in patients with brain metastasis at baseline (erlotinib: 18.9 months; afatinib: 16.4 months) [23]. In another retrospective study, first-line EGFR TKI combined with bevacizumab was compared with EGFR TKI monotherapy in patients with EGFR-sensitive mutant NSCLC (31982639). The DCR (95% versus 74.2%) and PFS (16.5 months versus 12.0 months) were significantly improved, with an acceptable safety profile.
Palliative radiotherapy might be an effective treatment for advanced NSCLC patients with EGFR mutations. The radiation sites could be primary lung tumors or brain or bone metastatic lesions. Hou reported an NSCLC patient with bone metastasis with more than eight-year survival. For this patient, the primary lung tumor (62 Gy/31 fractions) and lumbar spinal metastatic lesions (50 Gy/25 fractions) received local radiotherapy [24]. In a randomized clinical trial, newly diagnosed advanced EGFR-mutant NSCLC patients were treated with a first-generation TKI with or without primary and metastases radiotherapy, revealing that up-front local radiotherapy significantly prolonged PFS (20.2 months versus 12.5 months) and OS (25.5 months versus 17.4 months) [25]. In another circumstance where patients had bone metastases after establishing clinical effects from EGFR TKI therapy, radiotherapy for the bone lesions could make the continuous administration of EGFR TKI therapy possible [26]. The prognosis remains poor for patients with brain metastasis, even if radiotherapy (whole-brain radiation therapy or stereotactic radiosurgery) is administered [27]. However, in Miyawaki’s study, patients with 1–4 brain metastases were found to benefit more from the local radiotherapy plus TKI than TKI monotherapy (OS: 35 months versus 23 months; HR 0.54, 95% CI 0.32–0.90) [28].
Several limitations should be mentioned. First, different chemotherapeutic strategies were included. For example, platinum drugs used in the trials included cisplatin and carboplatin; pemetrexed plus cisplatin/carboplatin with or without pemetrexed maintenance therapy. Although deviations across the trials existed, they were low and might not have much impact on our analysis. Second, treatment-related adverse events were not pooled-analyzed since the toxicities during both gefitinib and gefitinib plus pemetrexed-based chemotherapy are well-known and manageable. The most comment treatment-related adverse events comprised leucopenia, neutropenia, anemia, alanine transaminase increased, aspartate transaminase increased, and fatigue. Third, subgroup analysis only included data of EGFR exon 19 deletion and exon 21 L858R. More detailed explorations of the efficacy of gefitinib on exon 20 S78I, exon 21 L861Q, exon 18 G719X, and even exon 20 T790M mutations are needed in future studies.
Conclusions
The addition of pemetrexed-based chemotherapy to gefitinib could be administered as the first-line therapy for advanced EGFR-mutant NSCLC patients. Future studies may lead to explore more subtypes of EGFR mutations suitable for receiving a TKI plus pemetrexed-based chemotherapy.
Acknowledgments
We thank the SNOWELL studio for helping to provide statistical support and improve the language.
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