Figures
Abstract
Introduction
Loss of annulus fibrosus (AF) integrity predisposes to disc herniation and is associated with IVD degeneration. Successful implementation of biomedical intervention therapy requires in-depth knowledge of IVD cell biology. We recently generated unique clonal human nucleus pulposus (NP) cell lines. Recurring functional cellular phenotypes from independent donors provided pivotal evidence for cell heterogeneity in the mature human NP. In this study we aimed to generate and characterize immortal cell lines for the human AF from matched donors.
Methods
Non-degenerate healthy disc material was obtained as surplus surgical material. AF cells were immortalized by simian virus Large T antigen (SV40LTAg) and human telomerase (hTERT) expression. Early passage cells and immortalized cell clones were characterized based on marker gene expression under standardized culturing and in the presence of Transforming Growth factor β (TGFβ).
Results
The AF-specific expression signature included COL1A1, COL5A1, COL12A1, SFRP2 and was largely maintained in immortal AF cell lines. Remarkably, TGFβ induced rapid 3D sheet formation in a subgroup of AF clones. This phenotype was associated with inherent differences in Procollagen type I processing and maturation, and correlated with differential mRNA expression of Prolyl 4-hydroxylase alpha polypeptide 1 and 3 (P4HA1,3) and Lysyl oxidase (LOX) between clones and differential P4HA3 protein expression between AF cells in histological sections.
Conclusion
We report for the first time the generation of representative human AF cell lines. Gene expression profile analysis and functional comparison of AF clones revealed variation between immortalized cells and suggests phenotypic heterogeneity in the human AF. Future characterization of AF cellular (sub-)populations aims to combine identification of additional specific AF marker genes and their biological relevance. Ultimately this knowledge will contribute to clinical application of cell-based technology in IVD repair.
Citation: van den Akker GGH, Surtel DAM, Cremers A, Richardson SM, Hoyland JA, van Rhijn LW, et al. (2016) Novel Immortal Cell Lines Support Cellular Heterogeneity in the Human Annulus Fibrosus. PLoS ONE 11(1): e0144497. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144497
Editor: Aamir Ahmad, Wayne State University School of Medicine, UNITED STATES
Received: July 23, 2015; Accepted: November 19, 2015; Published: January 21, 2016
Copyright: © 2016 van den Akker et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper.
Funding: This study was supported by Project P2.01 IDiDAS (LWvR, TJMW); LLP14 Grant Dutch Arthritis Foundation (JWV, LWvR); Programme for Advanced Medical Education, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, Fundação Champalimaud, Ministério da Saúde, Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia and Apifarma, Portugal. None of the funding sources had any role in study design, data collection, analysis and interpretation, writing of the manuscript or the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Abbreviations: AC, articular cartilage; ACAN, Aggrecan; ADAMTS17, A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motif, 17; AF, annulus fibrosus; AF-S, sheet-forming AF clone; AF-nS, non sheet-forming AF clone; bACT, beta Actin; BMP1, Bone morphogenetic protein 1; COL1/2/5/12A1, type I/II/V/XII Collagen alfa1; CEP, cartilaginous end plate; COMP, Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein; DDD, degenerative disc disease; CTRL, Control; ECM, extra cellular matrix; GAG, Glycosamine Glycan; hTERT, human Telomerase; iPSC, induced pluripotent stem cell; IVD, intervertebral disc; LOX, Lysyl oxidase; NC, notochordal (precursor) cells; NP, nucleus pulposus; P4HA1-3, Prolyl 4-hydroxylase, alpha polypeptide 1-3I; PDL, population doubling time; PLOD1-3, Procollagen-lysine, 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 1–3; PPIB, Cylophillin B; ProCOL, Procollagen; RT-qPCR, real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction; SFRP2, Secreted frizzled-related protein; SOX9, SRY-box 9; SV40LTAg, Simian Virus 40 large T-antigen; TGFβ, Transforming growth factor beta; TLL1, Tolloid-like 1
Introduction
The intervertebral disc consists of the central nucleus pulposus (NP), which is encircled by the ligamentous annulus fibrosus (AF), and bordered by two flanking (superiorly and inferiorly) cartilaginous end plates (CEPs). The AF is a fibrous tissue with distinct layers of highly oriented Collagen fibers (lamellae) that run in alternating directions at an angle of approximately 30 degrees [1]. The unique structure and composition of the AF contains the compressed NP and, in addition, allows the spine to cope with bending and torsional forces [2]. Further morphological distinction is made between the inner and outer AF layers. The extra cellular matrix (ECM) of the outer AF mainly consists of fibrillar Collagens such as Collagen type I, while the inner AF contains lower amounts of Collagen type I [3]. A gradual increase of Collagen type II and Proteoglycan expression towards the nucleus pulposus further distinguishes the inner AF from the outer AF [3]. The AF is firmly attached to both CEPs [4]. From a clinical perspective, the NP has received considerable attention, as the degenerative processes that accompany disc pathologies are first clinically detected in the NP [5]. However, early pathologies including disc herniation crucially depend on AF integrity. Recent studies indicate that disc herniation does not correlate well with NP degeneration, suggesting that additional factors are involved, including specific aspects of cell biology in both the NP and the AF [5, 6].
Cell density in the AF and NP are low compared to other tissues (± 9000 and 3000 cells/mm3, respectively) [7]. Cells in the AF originate from sclerotome-derived mesenchymal cells and are often referred to as chondrofibroblast-like cells, based on morphological characteristics [8]: the outer AF contains cells with an elongated (fibroblast-like) morphology, whereas cells of the inner AF cells display a more rounded (chondrocyte-like) morphology [9]. It is currently unclear whether these cells represent developmentally distinct lineages or whether the local micro-environment determines morphologically and/or functionally divergent phenotypes. It has been suggested that NP cells are recruited to the inner AF and produce collagen type II and Proteoglycans [10], although this idea has been contradicted by recent lineage tracking studies in mice [11, 12]. In analogy with this, morphological conversion of fibroblast-like toward chondrocyte-like cells in the inner AF was described during embryonic AF development in the rat [13] and furthermore the understanding of AF cell heterogeneity is limited [14]. Isolated primary AF cells from healthy or degenerate discs have been used to assess cellular responses to growth factors, inflammatory stimulation and mechano-transduction [15–17]. In addition, such primary cell isolates have been used in combination with biomaterials for disc tissue engineering [18, 19]. Since it is currently unclear how distinct AF cell phenotypes contribute to disc homeostasis and disease, such studies lack functional definition. Establishment of functionally diverse AF cell lines represents a relevant experimental approach to study cell heterogeneity in the AF.
The cells that compose the AF represent a crucial component of the healthy IVD and are involved in disc pathology [20]. Therefore, a detailed understanding of the native AF cell population is imperative to acquire full insight into their involvement in disc pathology and a thorough knowledge of the AF cell population was recently defined as one of the main challenges for successful AF repair [21]. As such we here aimed to generate immortal clonal cell models to enhance studies of the human AF cell population and to test the idea that phenotypically distinct AF cell populations can be isolated and immortalized.
Materials and Methods
Isolation of intervertebral disc cells, cell culture and immortalization
Briefly, non-degenerative healthy disc material was obtained as surplus material from correction surgery (MUMC, Medical Ethical Review Committee approval 08-4-021; by Dutch law, informed patient consent is part of the MERC approval and not required separately from next of kin, caretakers, or guardians on behalf of others; all consent was based on the approval obtained from the local MERC; see Table 1). To obtain primary AF cell isolates, AF tissue was collected during scoliosis correction surgery performed on two young individuals (donor 1: D1; donor 2: D2; Table 1). Tissue samples were macroscopically dissected in AF and NP tissue with omission of the inner AF and transition zone. Isolation of IVD cells was described in detail elsewhere [22]. Cells were cultured in maintenance / control medium (Control: DMEM-F12/Glutamax (Gibco), 10% fetal calf serum (FCS; Biowhittaker, cat no DE14-801F), 1% antibiotic/antimycotic (Gibco), 1% non-essential amino acids (NEAA; Gibco)). Initial cell seeding was performed at a density of 30,000 cells/cm2 in culture plates (Greiner). Upon confluency (P0) cultures were expanded as “pools” (1:2 to P5) to obtain sufficient material for initial characterization. A detailed description of the immortalization protocol and proof of immortalization was described previously [22]. Briefly, immortalized cell pools were generated from P5 cells by serial transduction of primary cells with retroviral particles carrying coding sequences for SV40LTAg and human telomerase (hTERT). Single cell clones were derived by limiting dilution and cell clones were expanded individually. After immortalization and clonal expansion D2-derived cells showed a proliferation rate more similar to that of the parental lines [22]; for this reason experiments were continued with D2-derived cell clones. When monolayer AF cultures were grown in medium containing TGFβ, 30,000 cells/cm2 were plated and incubated the next day (t = 0) with DMEM/F12, 1% antibiotic/antimycotic, 1% Insulin/Transferrin/Sodium Selenite (ITS; Gibco), 50 μg/ml Ascorbic acid-2-Phosphate-deoxycholate (Sigma-Aldrich), 1 ng/ml TGFβ3 (Gibco PHG9305) and 1% NEAA, for the indicated time period. Seeding at this density resulted in a confluent dish one day post-plating. Phase contrast images were taken with a Nikon Eclipse TE200 microscope using available imaging software.
(Immuno)histochemistry of IVD tissue sections
IVD tissue from above correction surgery was decalcified in formalin/EDTA and dehydrated following standard procedures. Next sections were embedded in paraffin. Tissue sections were cut at 5 μm and positioned on Superfrost Plus slides (Thermo Scientific). Prior to histochemistry, sections on slides were deparafinized and rehydrated using standard protocols. Safranin O (0.1%) was used to stain proteoglycans and counterstaining was performed with Fast Green (0.1%). The stained sections were dehydrated and mounted in Histomount (Thermo, Runcorn, Cheshire, UK) for microscopic analysis. For immunohistochemical analysis human IVD tissue was obtained from a deceased donor (45 year old male), with no history of back pain or other relevant clinical history during post-mortem examination (written informed consent was obtained from the donor’s relatives and approval for the study was granted by the local ethics committee: North West Research Ethics Committee). Representative tissue biopsies were processed to paraffin wax and immunohistochemical staining performed on 5 μm sections as previously described [23]. Briefly, sections were deparafinized, rehydrated and heat-mediated antigen retrieval performed using 10 mM Tris/1mM EDTA, pH9 at 95°C for 10 minutes in a steamer. Endogenous peroxidase was blocked using 3% hydrogen peroxide in TBS for 1 hr and non-specific binding sites blocked with 25% normal goat serum in TBS for 45 minutes. Sections were incubated overnight at 4°C with rabbit polyclonal primary antibody for P4HA3 (1:100 in 1% BSA in TBS; Sigma, HPA007897). Biotinylated goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody was used, and staining was disclosed using Vectastain Elite ABC Reagent and a diaminobenzidine chromogen. The negative control used the appropriate IgG (Dako) in place of the primary antibody at equal protein concentration. Stained sections were viewed under light microscopy, and images were acquired using an InfinityX camera with DeltaPix software. Alternatively, sections was scanned using the Pannoramic 250 Flash II digital slide scanner (3DHistech®) and visualised using the Pannoramic Viewer software (3DHistech®).
RNA isolation and quantitative real time PCR
To isolate RNA, cells were disrupted in Trizol (Invitrogen). RNA isolation, RNA quantification (UV)-spectrometry (Nanodrop, Thermo Scientific), and cDNA synthesis were performed as described before [24]. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was performed using Mesagreen qPCR master-mix plus for SYBR® Green (Eurogentec). Validated primer sets used are depicted in Table 2. An Applied Biosystems ABI PRISM 7700 Sequence Detection System was used for amplification: initial denaturation 95°C for 10 min, followed by 40 cycles of DNA amplification. Data were analyzed using the standard curve method and normalized to Cyclophillin B (PPIB) mRNA levels.
Protein extraction and immunoblotting
Protein extraction and immunoblotting were performed and analyzed as described previously with minor adjustments [25]. For extraction, cells were lysed in RIPA buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCl, 0.1% SDS, 5 mM EDTA, 0.5% w/v Sodium Deoxycholate, and 1% NP-40) supplemented with protease and phosphatase inhibitors (Roche). Lysates were sonicated on ice using the Soniprep 150 MSE at amplitude 10 for 14 cycles (1 second on/1 second off). Insoluble material was removed by centrifugation (10 minutes, 16000x g, 4°C). Protein concentration was determined using a BCA protein assay kit (Pierce/Thermo Fisher Scientific). Proteins samples were separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to Nitrocellulose membranes (Protran BA-8). Membranes were blocked (1 hour, 5% non-fat dry milk powder (Campina), ambient temp), and incubated with primary antibodies (overnight, 4°C). Antisera: polyclonal goat anti-COL1A1 (1310–01; Southern Biotech), mouse monoclonal β-Actin (clone C4, 08691001; MP Biomedicals, Santa Ana, CA, USA), mouse monoclonal α-Tubulin (clone B-5-1-2, T6074; Sigma-Aldrich). Secondary antisera: polyclonal rabbit anti-goat (P0449; Dako Cytomation, Glostrup, Denmark), rabbit anti-mouse (P0260; Dako). Signals were detected using enhanced chemoluminescence. X-ray films were scanned and analyzed with Quantity One (Biorad).
Cell assays (proliferation, DNA)
At each indicated time point cells were washed and fixed (3.7% formaldehyde/PBS, 10 minutes, ambient temperature), rinsed with demineralized water, stained (0.1% Crystal violet, 30 minutes, ambient temperature) and washed with demineralized water. Crystal violet was extracted with 10% acetic acid; absorbance was determined at 590 nm (Benchmark, Biorad).
Statistics
Statistical significance (p < 0.05) was determined by two-tailed student t tests. To test for normal distribution of input data, D’Agostino–Pearson omnibus normality tests were performed. All quantitative data sets presented passed the normality tests. In Figs 1 and 2 a two-tailed student t test was used and in Figs 3, 4 and 5 a one-tailed student t test was used as only a positive difference was expected. Gene expression analyses show mean and standard deviation.
A) Representative image of a human IVD tissue specimen from a scoliosis donor. The relevant tissue zones are indicated; the dotted box indicates, by approximation, the tissues section used for AF cell isolation. B) Safranin O/Fast Green staining of AF tissue from a scoliosis donor at 25x (left image) and 100x magnification (right image). Bars indicate 200 μm. C) Phase-contrast images of primary NP and AF cell pools from donor 1 (D1) and from donor 2 (D2) at passage 5 (P5). Primary AF cells were slightly more rounded, while NP cells showed a typical wave-like patterning. Bars indicate 20 μm. D) Gene expression analysis of the putative AF markers COL1A1, COL5A1, SFRP2, COL12A1 and ADAMTS17 in primary AF (white bars) and NP (black bars) cell isolates from donor 1 D1(P5) and donor 2 D2(P5), respectively; gene expression was normalized to Cyclophillin B mRNA levels and data is presented relative to expression in NP cells. Statistical significance was assessed by Student’s t-test * p<0.05.
A) Phase-contrast images of two representative AF cell clones 102 and 133 (D2) under normal, (i.e. non-differentiation) maintenance conditions. Cell clones showed preferential cell-cell contacts and alignment at 1–2 days post-plating. Time points in days are indicated after seeding 6,400 cells/cm2 at day zero; the t = 0 image represents 12 hours post-plating. Bars indicate 20 μm. B) Spectrometric quantification of Crystal violet staining assays, reflecting growth of eleven immortalized cell clones. Every dot represents the average value of a biological triplicate measurement for a single clone. Mean values and standard deviations are depicted for eleven independent clones. At approximately 6 days post-plating (P10), a plateau was reached due to confluence of the cell cultures. C) Gene expression analysis of COL1A1, COL2A1, COMP, ACAN, SOX9 and the novel AF markers COL5A1, COL12A1, SFRP2. Every dot represents a single clone and shows the average of a biological triplicate measurement. Mean expression values and standard deviations are depicted per marker gene for eleven clones. Gene expression values were normalized to Cyclophillin B mRNA levels.
A) Phase contrast images of AF-S clones 102, 115, 126 and AF-nS clones 119, 123, 133 (from D2) at t = 0 and cultured in control medium (Control) or TGFβ3 containing medium (+ TGFβ3) for 7 days. Bars represent 20 μm. Cells did not exhibit sheet formation in control medium. B) Gene expression analyses of COL1A1, COL5A1, COL12A1 and SFRP2 in immortal AF cell clones. Every dot represents a single clone and is the average of a biological triplicate measurement. Gene expression was normalized to cyclophillin B mRNA levels. Fold induction (t = 7 TGFβ3 / t = 0) was calculated for each clone separately. Mean and standard deviations are depicted for the three clones together per gene. Statistical significance was assessed by Student’s t-test; * p<0.05.
A) Immunoblot analyses of Collagen type I protein in AF-S and AF-nS clones cultured in control or TGFβ3 containing medium for 7 days. Procollagen-alpha 1 (180 kDa; pro-α1) and Procollagen alpha 2 (145 kDa; pro-α2) variants of Collagen type I are indicated. The appearance of mature alpha 1 (135 kDa; α1) and alpha 2 (120 kDa; α2) variants of Collagen type I correlated well with sheet formation in AF-S clones. β-Actin (βACT) was used as loading control. B) Immunoblot analyses of Collagen type I protein in AF-S clones cultured in TGFβ3 medium with or without ascorbic acid for 7 days. Alpha-tubulin (αTUB) was used as loading control. C) Quantification of Collagen maturation as a function of time in AF-S and AF-nS clones. The ratio of mature COL1A1 over ProCOL1A1 and mature COL1A2 over ProCOL1A2 are depicted in the left and right graphs, respectively. At t = 0 no mature forms of Collagen type I were detectable. Statistical significance was assessed by Student’s t-test; * p<0.05.
Upper panels: expression analysis of P4HA1-3 genes in AF-S and AF-nS clones at t = 0 and t = 7 days of culturing in TGFβ3. Middle panels: expression analysis of PLOD1-3 genes in AF-S and AF-nS clones at t = 0 and t = 7 days of culturing in TGFβ3. Lower panels: expression analysis of genes involved in cleavage of Collagen type I pro-peptides (BMP1, TLL1) and crosslinking of Collagen fibers (LOX) in AF-S and AF-nS clones at t = 0 and t = 7 days of culturing in TGFβ3. Gene expression was normalized to cyclophillin B mRNA levels. Fold induction (t = 7 TGFβ3 / t = 0) was calculated for each clone separately. Mean and standard deviations are depicted for the three clones together per gene. Statistical significance was assessed by Student’s t-test; * p<0.05.
Results
AF cell isolation and basic AF cell characteristics
Tissue from two independent young donors that was clearly distinguishable as outer AF (Fig 1A; Table 1) was carefully selected and dissected for this purpose, to avoid cell contamination by other IVD tissue types (i.e. inner AF/transition zone, NP). Safranin-O/Fast Green staining of paraffin sections from tissue samples confirmed that the selected AF tissue displayed typical AF morphology: radial layers of alternately oriented Collagen fibers, cells of elongated morphology aligned parallel to the fibers and increasing glycosaminoglycan content toward the NP (Fig 1B).
Cells from dissected AF tissues were enzymatically released from their ECM and allowed to adhere to culture plates. AF cell morphology in monolayer cultures was similar to previous reports [26] and primary AF and NP cell cultures showed consistent morphological features (primary AF cells were slightly more rounded, while NP cells showed a typical wave-like patterning), independent of donor (Fig 1C). We aimed to confirm tissue of origin prior to immortalization by measuring expression of putative AF markers; candidate markers were selected based on highest fold differential expression and on marker overlap among these studies [27–30]. NP cells that had been isolated simultaneously from adjacent NP tissue were used in comparative expression studies to independently establish distinctive in vitro morphology and gene expression phenotypes. Expression of most previously reported AF marker genes COL1A1 [27, 30], COL5A1 [27] and COL12A1 [30] was at least 2 fold higher in primary AF cultures of two independent donors as compared to matched NP cultures at passage 5 (P5) (Fig 1D). The putative AF marker SFRP2 [29] was exclusively expressed in primary AF cells (Fig 1D). In addition, we found differential expression of ADAMTS17: NP cells consistently expressed lower ADAMTS17 levels (Fig 1D). NP-specific marker expression analysis was published elsewhere [22]. This initial data thus confirms distinctive tissue of origin of primary AF and NP cells.
Cell line generation and characterization of AF cell clones
A total of 70 cell clones (Table 1) were obtained from immortalized P5 cells that displayed a comparable fibroblastic morphology (Fig 2A), in agreement with published reports [31, 32]. Eleven randomly chosen clones showed nearly similar proliferation rates with an average population doubling time (PDL) of 50.71 hours in the exponential phase (Fig 2B).
To evaluate whether cell clones retained an AF-specific marker expression profile, we measured expression of genes associated with a chondrocyte-like phenotype: COL2A1, SOX9 and ACAN [33]. In addition we evaluated the articular chondrocyte marker COMP, which was not expressed in the NP or the AF [27]. A ratio 800:1 of COL2A1 over COL1A1 mRNA has previously been established as a measure to differentiate between NP and AF cells [34]. Immortal AF cell clones indeed showed higher levels of COL1A1 mRNA compared to COL2A1 mRNA (Fig 2C; average ratio 2.5:1). SOX9 mRNA levels were relatively low, yet detectable in all tested clones, which is in accordance with an earlier publication [35]. COMP and ACAN mRNA levels were very low/absent, in good agreement with an AF cell phenotype [36]. We evaluated whether primary AF marker gene expression profiles, established in Fig 1C, were retained in immortal AF cell clones. The AF markers COL1A1, COL5A1, COL12A1 and SFRP-2 were expressed in AF cell clones, except for ADAMTS17 (Fig 2C). Absolute mRNA expression levels of our defined set of AF markers (COL5A1, COL12A1, SFRP2) were higher than COL1A1, COL2A1, ACAN and SOX9 mRNA levels (Fig 2C). Although morphological differences among clones were not readily discernable, marker gene expression levels were relatively heterogeneous between cell clones (Fig 2C).
Functional differences between AF cell clones
Transforming growth factor beta 3 (TGFβ3) is a well-known morphogen used to induce ECM synthesis of AF cells [37]. We previously showed that a medium containing TGFβ3 induced divergent responses in primary AF and NP cells [22]. Therefore the AF cell clones were cultured in this TGFβ containing medium. We observed the formation of three-dimensional ECM structures within seven days after exposure to TGFβ (Fig 3A). Importantly, a subset of clones: AF-102, AF-115 and AF-126 formed a 3D cellular “sheet” within seven days, whereas clones AF-119, AF-123 and AF-133 showed dissimilar sheet formation and contraction dynamics within this timeframe. Based on the differential dynamics in sheet formation, AF clones will be referred to as AF-S (sheet-forming) and AF-nS (non sheet-forming) from hereon. As sheet formation in vitro has been associated with Collagen formation [38], mRNA levels of Collagens COL1A1, COL5A1 and COL12A1 mRNA were determined (Fig 3B). Basal expression levels of COL1A1, COL5A1 and COL12A1 mRNA were not different between the two groups of subclones, COL5A1 exempted: 2 out of 3 representative AF-nS clones expressed higher basal COL5A1 levels. Expression of the COL1A1 and COL12A1 markers was increased as a result of seven days exposure to TGFβ3 in both AF-S and AF-nS clones. COL5A1 mRNA expression was higher in 2 out of 3 clones in AF-S clones, whereas overall expression levels in AF-nS had not changed. Of note, SFRP2, a previously reported putative AF marker, was strongly down regulated in all clones under these conditions. Thus, although differences in sheet formation were evident between clones, expression of Collagen genes per se did not explain the divergent ability to form 3D sheets.
The macroscopically detectable formation of contracting Collagenous cell sheets indicated that Collagen maturation may be involved in sheet formation, as has been reported in other studies [38]. The formation of clearly visible fibers in phase-contrast images precedes contraction of cell sheets. We therefore tested for potential differences in Collagen maturation between the AF clones. COL1A1 maturation and processing was visualized by immunoblotting. COL1A1 protein appears in two forms: alpha1 and alpha2. Two alpha 1 chains and one alpha 2 chain form one Collagen type I triple-helical molecule [39]. The N- and C-terminal domains in Procollagen prevent fiber formation upon assembly of Collagen molecules. Collagen molecules undergo various post-translational modifications during maturation and processing [39]. Upon secretion into the ECM, these pro-domains are enzymatically removed to allow fiber formation [39]. The ascorbic acid-dependent formation of hydroxylated proline residues stabilizes the Collagen molecule and propels formation of larger Collagen networks [40, 41]. Immunoblotting revealed clear maturation of Collagen type I alpa1 and -alpha2 in clones AF-102, AF-115 and AF-126 cell lysates grown in the presence of TGFβ3 (Fig 4A). Within the same time-frame, fragments corresponding to mature Collagen molecules could not be detected in clones AF-119, AF-123 and AF-133 (Fig 4A). Thus, differential sheet formation in the presence of TGFβ3 correlated with COL1A1 maturation. To determine whether the observed effects depended on ascorbic acid-mediated formation of mature Collagen type I, AF-S clones were grown in the presence of TGFβ3 in medium containing ascorbic acid or not. Relevantly, TGFβ3-induced Procollagen maturation does not occur in AF-S clones in the absence of ascorbic acid (Fig 4B). Consistent with this observation, sheet formation did not occur in the absence of ascorbic acid (data not shown).
Differential processing of Procollagen type I (ProCOL1) in the different subsets of AF clones was quantified in a more detailed time course experiment. Three representative clones for each group were exposed to TGFβ3 for 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8 days. To obtain additional evidence for a divergent ability to process Collagens, ratios of mature/Procollagen were determined for COL1A1 and COL1A2 as a function of time by immunoblotting and subsequent densitometry. Procollagens began to be processed within 2 days of culturing in the presence of TGFβ3, as they became detectable by immunoblotting at this time point (data not shown). Within 4 and 6 days of culturing, a clear trend towards significantly different COL1A1/ProCOL1A1 ratios between AF-S and AF-nS became apparent (Fig 4C). At 8 days of TGFβ3 exposure, the COL1A1/ProCOL1A1 (Fig 4C, left panel) and COL1A2/ProCOL1A2 (Fig 4C, right panel) ratios were substantially increased (as compared to t = 2) and significantly higher in AF-S clones, compared to AF-nS clones (Fig 4C). This collective data thus far suggests that Collagen type 1 maturation and processing in AF-S clones is strongly associated with a more rapid sheet formation and detachment than in AF-nS clones.
To further examine the origin of the differential Procollagen processing observed between AF-S and AF-nS clones, we measured the expression of genes encoding proteins involved in Procollagen processing- and post-translational modification of Collagen. The enzymes Prolyl 4-hydroxylase alpha polypeptide 1, 2 and 3 (P4HA1-3) are responsible for the formation of hydroxyproline groups on Collagen molecules in the endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) [42]. Consistent with enhanced Collagen processing, AF-S cell clones showed an increased expression of P4HA1, P4HA2 and P4HA3 of 4, 6 and 10 fold, respectively (Fig 5, top panels). In sharp contrast, P4HA1-3 gene expression was non-responsive to TGFβ3 in AF-nS clones. Prolyl hydroxylase gene expression thus correlated strongly with sheet forming capacity in AF-S cells. The Procollagen-lysine, 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 1, 2 and 3 (PLOD1-3) enzymes catalyze the hydroxylation of lysyl residues of Collagen peptides in the ER and these residues are critical for the formation of intramolecular crosslinks. The expression levels of PLOD1 was significantly increased in both AF-S and AF-nS clones under TGFβ3 conditions; all three PLOD genes showed a trend toward higher expression in AF-S clones (Fig 5, middle left panel). Subsequently we measured two genes involved in extracellular Procollagen cleavage. Tolloid-like 1 (TLL1) and Bone Morphogenic Protein-1 (BMP-1) are responsible for extra-cellular C-terminal Procollagen cleavage, while ADAMTS2 is involved in N-terminal cleavage. Both TLL1 and BMP1 expression was significantly induced in AF-S and AF-nS clones by TGFβ3 containing medium at day 7 (Fig 5, bottom panels). ADAMTS2 expression did not show any (differential) response to TGFβ3 (data not shown). Absence of consistent expression differences between AF-S and AF-nS for these genes suggests that these genes may not play a significant role in the observed divergent sheet formation capacity between AF subclones. Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is located in the extracellular environment and involved in covalent crosslinking of Collagen networks. LOX expression was significantly induced in AF-S (average 5 fold) and decreased in AF-nS cell clones (2 fold). LOX expression was significantly different between AF-S and AF-nS clones at t = 7. The clearly significant fold change between AF-S and AF-nS clones for the genes P4HA1, P4HA3, PLOD1 and LOX indicate an inherent difference in the ability of AF cell clones to process Procollagen molecules.
Finally we sought evidence for P4HA3 marker expression at the protein level in vivo. Immunohistochemical staining of IVD tissue showed fibroblastic AF cells staining positive for P4HA3 in both the inner and outer AF (Fig 6). Importantly not all cells were positive, particularly in the outer AF, where cells with similar morphology did not detectably express P4HA3. Thus the data presented herein supports inherent cell heterogeneity or different cell states in the native human AF.
Expression of P4HA3 was determined immunohistochemically in human AF tissue. Representative images of outer AF (left panel) and inner AF (right panel) from a 45 year old male donor with no signs of disc degeneration. Asterisks: representative examples of immune-positive cellsl circles: immune-negative cells. Black bars represent 50 μm.
Discussion
In this study we aimed to generate the first stable in vitro cell models representing the human AF. First, we established an AF gene expression signature that discriminates cultured primary AF cells from primary NP cells. Subsequently, we immortalized AF cell pools from two independent donors and generated a total of seventy clonal cell lines. We characterized eleven random AF cell clones based on the AF gene signatures and a number of additional genes routinely employed in IVD research. The immortal cell clones maintained an AF phenotype which was largely comparable to primary AF cells. Using medium containing TGFβ3 [37] [43] that was previously used to differentiate primary AC and NP cells [22, 24], we were able to differentiate between two subsets of immortal AF clones based on their ability to process COL1A1: AF-S subclones rapidly produced mature Collagen forms that propelled 3D cellular sheet formation and contraction, while a second group of AF clones (AF-nS) did this to a much lower extent. Relevantly, several genes known to be involved in the post-translational modification and processing of Collagen were more prominently induced in AF-S clones. Based on these results, we speculate that our immortalization procedures provides proof for the existence of at least two functionally different cell states in the outer AF that differ in their ability process to Collagen type I. Further research on identifying unique cellular markers may elucidate if these characteristics represent different AF cell types or different (dormant and activated) cell states. Combined with our earlier report on the establishment of functionally distinct NP cell types, our current data support the notion that in vivo the AF and NP harbor a heterogeneous cell population.
AF cell heterogeneity in vitro and in vivo
The finding that phenotypically distinct AF cell populations exist in vitro paves the way for in vivo discovery of additional AF cell subtypes. Senescent and non-senescent AF cells are known to be present in the IVD in vivo [44, 45]. It is important to note that the retrovius-based immortalization procedure employed is biased toward immortalization of proliferating cells. Hence it is anticipated that not all possible AF cell phenotypes were immortalized, most notably terminally differentiated, non-proliferative cells. SV40LTAg, which interferes with pRB and TP53 function, and hTERT prevent senescent responses. This response may be important for mechanisms leading to disc degeneration. Although SV40LTAg may affect cell phenotype and differentiation characteristics [46], we did not detect differences in proliferation or marker gene expression between the AF cell subtypes reported herein prior to stimulation with TGFβ. Relevantly, cellular phenotypes of neuronal cells are retained by immortalization with SV40LTAg and hTERT [47]. Although we cannot formally rule out an effect of SV40LTAg and/or hTERT on AF cell responses under the culture conditions used herein, the data thus far suggest that the phenotypic variation arises despite immortalization. Future experiments with conditionally immortalized models may further improve the representation of IVD cell lines.
The observed differential capacity of single AF cell clones to process Collagens in vitro is an indication that AF cell heterogeneity exists. This is supported by immunohistochemical studies showing diversity in the AF cell morphology and orientation [9, 14]. Two distinct cellular subpopulations, an elongated and a rounded cell type have been described in the embryonic rat AF [9]; it is however not clear how cell morphology relates to Collagen fibrillogenesis at this time point in development. In the bovine AF three cellular subtypes were described: 1) extended cordlike cells that form an interconnected network at the periphery of the disc, 2) cells with extensive, sinuous processes in the inner region of the annulus fibrosus and 3) cells with broad, branching processes specific to the interlamellar septae of the outer annulus [14]. It is conceivable that such cell types differ in their ability to synthesize and or process Collagens. Detailed molecular characterization and marker identification is crucial to elucidate if different cell types exist or that dormant and activated cell states are present.
AF marker expression
Putative marker genes for AF cells have been reported in several array expression studies of varying tissue origin [27–30]. However most of these reported AF marker genes were not validated by qPCR. COL1A1 and in particular the ratio of expression with COL2A1 has been used to discriminate AF from NP cells. We confirmed that COL1A1, COL5A1, COL12A1, SFRP-2 and ADAMTS17 expression levels positively discriminate AF from NP cultures. ADAMTS17 and COL5A1 were previously found to be expressed in human AF cells [48]. The vast expression difference for SFRP2 in AF and NP cultures was surprising as this marker appears to be rather unique for AF cultures. Although we find ADAMTS17 expression in primary AF cells, the expression of this marker was reduced in immortal clones. Although the exact reason for the diminished ADAMTS17 expression is not known at this moment, it is conceivable that expression of this marker requires the presence of and interaction of cells with a specific AF environment. Alternatively, cells expressing these markers may not have been immortalized. ADAMTS17, which encodes a protein involved in Collagen processing, was differentially expressed between AF and NP in primary cells from both donors (3 fold higher in AF). SOX9 expression was found in all evaluated AF clones. SOX9 expression is a well described marker for chondrocytes and the expression in every clone, which was derived from a single cell, supports the idea that AF cells harbor a phenotype akin to chondrocyte-like cells. Based on the observation that subcloned (i.e. single cell–derived) cell lines express these markers, we would propose that the AF does not contain mixtures of chondrocytes and fibroblasts per se, but rather that individual AF cells intrinsically harbor expression characteristics of both.
Since there is no clear-cut definition of the AF phenotype, consensus on the morphogens and the conditions required for AF(-like) differentiation is lacking. We utilized a routinely employed culture medium. One important constituent, TGFβ3, is widely used in chondrocyte studies and fibroblasts are often stimulated with this growth factor to study fibrosis [37, 43, 49]. Moreover, we observed that this medium evoked a differential response between AF and NP cultures [22, 24]. Similar to our previously reported observations in NP cell clones, the expression of novel marker genes (e.g. SFRP2) was decreased in the presence of TGFβ3 containing medium [22, 24]. The function of these novel marker genes in the IVD has not been established and therefore their down-regulation in response to standard chondrogenic media cannot currently be explained. It is conceivable that TGFβ3 forces these cells to adopt a phenotype in vitro which does not occur in vivo. Additional comparative studies using different morphogens is required to elucidate optimal AF cell differentiation conditions.
Collagen maturation as a distinguishing feature among AF subclones
Collagen fiber formation was reported to be dose-dependently regulated by ascorbic acid [50]. Secretion of Collagen is thought to be a rate limiting step in Collagen fibrillogenesis [51]. The inherent difference in the capacity of groups of AF clones to process Collagens is an indication of AF cell heterogeneity. Previously TGFβ was shown to induce collagen fibrillogenesis in rat an bovine AF cells in micromasses and electrospun scaffolds, respectively [15, 47]. Sheet formation only occurred in the presence of TGFβ, indicating the collagen maturation/fibrillogenesis largely depends on TGFβ signaling. Sheet formation in AF-S clones started approximately 4–5 days after TGFβ exposure and completely detached ECM sheets could always be observed at 6 days after TGFβ exposure. On average AF-nS clones initiated weak contraction (at which time ±10% of the surface was detached) of the ECM sheet at 5 days after start of TGFβ exposure and did not show detached cellular sheets before day 8 after start of TGFβ exposure. The clear correlation of sheet formation in AF-S clones with the expression of P4HA1, P4HA2, P4HA3, PLOD1 and LOX, demonstrates their involvement in Collagen fiber formation and matrix contraction. Matrix contraction is rarely investigated: one study used smooth muscle cells in combination with a Collagen type I coating to induce matrix contraction within 24 hours [52]. MMP inhibition prevented matrix contraction while ascorbic acid and other anti-oxidants were unable to prevent contraction [52]. Hence, we speculate that sheet formation occurs rapidly, perhaps in conjunction with a certain critical Collagen fiber mass or cell density, under the influence of Collagen modifying enzymes. Interestingly ascorbic acid-induced sheet formation has only recently been reported in studies using mesenchymal stem cells [53]. These cell sheets were shown to promote the differentiation towards various lineages [54, 55]. An obvious caveat in the interpretation of these results is that mRNA levels do not necessarily reflect enzyme activity. Importantly, we here report clear differences in Collagen processing between AF subclones at the protein (i.e. functional) level.
In contrast to post-translational modification of proteoglycan molecules, which have been extensively studied in the IVD [13], relatively little is known with respect to post-translational modification of Collagen and its turnover in the intervertebral disc. The biochemical distribution of Collagen molecules varies massively depending on the location in the IVD (NP, inner AF, outer AF, CEP). It is conceivable that cells from the various layers of the AF differentially depend on their capacity to process Collagens for the maintenance of their specific surrounding matrix. A thorough study of Collagen post-translational modifications in the various compartments of the IVD might help provide possible answers.
Conclusion
Structural integrity of the annulus fibrosus is a condicio sine qua non for intervertebral disc stability and function. Nevertheless research on low back pain and the process of disc degeneration has predominantly focused on the nucleus pulposus, as this is the tissue where the first signs of disc degeneration occur [56]. The importance of the annulus fibrosus for disc degeneration and pathologies was recently highlighted in several studies [6, 20]. In particular the AF cell phenotype remains largely undefined [21]. In this study we have generated the first immortal human AF cell lines that will enable studying AF cell biology with the advantages of a cell model. In addition, these clonogenic cells display differences in collagen fibril formation in the context of TGFβ exposure. The appearance of contracting collagen matrices in monolayer cultures correlates to expression of P4HA1, P4HA3 and LOX. This difference in collagen fibril formation suggests differences in cell phenotype in vitro. Additional AF cell markers, preferably located at the cell surface to aid cell purification, are needed to further study and define the relevance of AF cell phenotypes in vivo and in disc degeneration. Increased understanding of AF cell biology will contribute to the development of novel approaches to treat AF defects and will further increase our understanding of IVD tissue homeostasis.
Acknowledgments
Approval for all experimental sections of the current study and informed consent for publication of patient details and accompanying images in this manuscript was obtained as an integral part of the MUMC-MERC approval 08-4-028. For immunohistochemical studies informed consent was obtained from the donor’s relatives and approval for the study was granted by the North West Research Ethics Committee. The approvals are held by the authors and are available for review by the Editor-in-Chief. The authors thank R. Bernards (NKI Amsterdam, the Netherlands) for hTERT (human telomerase) cDNA, R. Bank (University of Groningen, Netherlands) for useful discussions and suggestions on Collagen detection and P. Willems (MUMC, Netherlands) for medical ethical reflections. Funding: Project P2.01 IDiDAS (LWvR, TJMW); LLP14 Grant Dutch Arthritis Foundation (JWV, LWvR); Programme for Advanced Medical Education, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, Fundação Champalimaud, Ministério da Saúde, Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia and Apifarma, Portugal. None of the funding sources had any role in study design, data collection, analysis and interpretation, writing of the manuscript or the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: GvdA SMR JAH JWV TW. Performed the experiments: GvdA DAMS AC SMR. Analyzed the data: GvdA DAMS AC SMR JAH LvR JWV TW. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: DAMS AC JAH LvR JWV TW. Wrote the paper: GvdA DAMS AC SMR JAH LvR JWV TW.
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