Figures
Abstract
This study aimed to compare two different maximal incremental tests with different time durations [a maximal incremental ramp test with a short time duration (8-12 min) (STest) and a maximal incremental test with a longer time duration (20-25 min) (LTest)] to investigate whether an LTest accurately assesses aerobic fitness in class II and III obese men. Twenty obese men (BMI≥35 kg.m-2) without secondary pathologies (mean±SE; 36.7±1.9 yr; 41.8±0.7 kg*m-2) completed an STest (warm-up: 40 W; increment: 20 W*min-1) and an LTest [warm-up: 20% of the peak power output (PPO) reached during the STest; increment: 10% PPO every 5 min until 70% PPO was reached or until the respiratory exchange ratio reached 1.0, followed by 15 W.min-1 until exhaustion] on a cycle-ergometer to assess the peak oxygen uptake and peak heart rate (HRpeak) of each test. There were no significant differences in
(STest: 3.1±0.1 L*min-1; LTest: 3.0±0.1 L*min-1) and HRpeak (STest: 174±4 bpm; LTest: 173±4 bpm) between the two tests. Bland-Altman plot analyses showed good agreement and Pearson product-moment and intra-class correlation coefficients showed a strong correlation between
(r=0.81 for both; p≤0.001) and HRpeak (r=0.95 for both; p≤0.001) during both tests.
and HRpeak assessments were not compromised by test duration in class II and III obese men. Therefore, we suggest that the LTest is a feasible test that accurately assesses aerobic fitness and may allow for the exercise intensity prescription and individualization that will lead to improved therapeutic approaches in treating obesity and severe obesity.
Citation: Lanzi S, Codecasa F, Cornacchia M, Maestrini S, Capodaglio P, Brunani A, et al. (2015) Long Maximal Incremental Tests Accurately Assess Aerobic Fitness in Class II and III Obese Men. PLoS ONE 10(4): e0124180. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124180
Academic Editor: Maciej Buchowski, Vanderbilt University, UNITED STATES
Received: December 15, 2014; Accepted: February 26, 2015; Published: April 13, 2015
Copyright: © 2015 Lanzi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper.
Funding: The authors have no support or funding to report.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Maximal incremental exercise testing is commonly used in exercise physiology to determine physiological variables, such as peak oxygen uptake (), peak heart rate (HRpeak) and peak power output (PPO), together with other submaximal metabolic parameters [i.e., lactate (LT) and ventilatory thresholds (VT)]. The accuracy of the determination of these variables during a maximal incremental exercise test is important for exercise prescription and individualization in athletes, sedentary healthy individuals and patients [1]. It has been suggested that a maximal incremental exercise test should last between 8 and 12 minutes with short stage duration (1 min) to elicit
[2–4], whereas longer protocols (~25 min) with long stage duration (3–5 min) report significantly lower
[5–7] and PPO [8, 9] and higher HRpeak [5, 9, 10]. However, some studies report no significant differences in
and HRpeak [8, 11–13], or in
and HR at VT1 [7, 11], between short and long maximal incremental tests with different stage and time durations, suggesting that both exercises may have a practical relevance and may be useful in exercise intensity prescription and individualization in healthy men [14].
In class II and III obese individuals, exercise intensity prescription and individualization are strongly recommended as part of each patient’s multidisciplinary medical and surgical management in order to improve the poor aerobic fitness [15] and thus decrease the mortality risk in this population [16]. However, there are limited indications regarding which test is the most appropriate for the evaluation of aerobic fitness and the subsequent prescription of exercise training programs in class II and III obese individuals [15]. Severe obesity is also specifically characterized by a depressed capacity to oxidize lipids [17], which does not always occur at lower levels of obesity [18]. This decreased fat oxidation may be involved and contribute to the development of insulin resistance in severely obese individuals [17].
Endurance training targeting an exercise intensity (Fatmax) that elicits the maximal fat oxidation (MFO) is appropriate in order to enhance fat oxidation rates and insulin sensitivity in obese individuals [19], highlighting the importance of correctly assessing Fatmax. However, this is not possible with an incremental test with short stage duration, which is characterized by a non steady-state condition, but only with an incremental exercise test with longer stage duration (i.e., 5–6 min) during which steady state is reached for each step. Therefore, an incremental exercise test with longer stage duration may be an appropriate test to determine fat oxidation kinetics, MFO and Fatmax (metabolic fitness [20]) in obese and severely obese individuals [21]. Although it has previously been suggested that long test duration may affect assessment by reaching the limit of exercise tolerance earlier [3], this test has already been used to assess aerobic and metabolic fitness in class I and II obese individuals [22, 23]. In these studies,
seems to be correctly assessed because Fatmax (expressed in %
) has been found at similar values than those previously reported in obese subjects [19, 21, 24]. However, Ara et al. [22] and Larsen et al. [23] did not compare their maximal incremental long tests to a maximal incremental short test in order to attest whether long test elicits valid
.
Therefore, this study aimed to compare two maximal incremental tests with different time durations [a maximal incremental ramp test with a short time duration (8–12 min) (STest) and a maximal incremental test with a longer time duration (20–25 min) (LTest)] in a group of class II and III obese men. It was hypothesized that the LTest would elicit similar, HRpeak,
and HR at VT1 compared to the STest, suggesting that the LTest is an appropriate test to evaluate aerobic fitness. Moreover, this single test may also lead to simultaneously determine metabolic fitness (i.e., fat oxidation kinetics, MFO and Fatmax) in order to obtain a more complete assessment of physical fitness in class II and III obese men and may aid in the exercise intensity prescription and individualization in this population.
Materials and Methods
Participants
Twenty obese men [body mass index (BMI)≥35 kg.m-2] without secondary pathologies were recruited to participate in this study (Table 1). Subjects were recruited from the Istituto Auxologico Italiano (Piancavallo, Italy). Subjects with hypertension [blood pressure (BP)>130/90 mmHg], impaired fasting glucose (>6.1 mmol.L-1) [25], type 2 diabetes and an abnormal electrocardiogram at rest were excluded. The study was approved by the Ethics Review Committee of the Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Italy. All subjects provided written, voluntary, informed consent before participating. The experiment was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki.
Experimental protocol
Subjects performed two maximal incremental tests to exhaustion on a cycle-ergometer (Ebike Basic BPlus, USA) to determine, HRpeak, peak ventilation (
), peak respiratory exchange ratio (RERpeak), PPO and VT1 (
, HR and PO) during each of the following tests: 1) a maximal incremental ramp test with a short time duration (8–12 min) (STest) in the first session, and 2) a maximal incremental test with a longer time duration (20–25 min) (LTest) in the second session. This order was fixed because STest was necessary to individualise the warm-up and increments of the LTest [21].
Maximal incremental ramp test with a short time duration (8–12 min) (STest).
The STest was performed at least 2–3 h following the consumption of the last meal. After a 3-min rest period, subjects started with a 5-min warm-up at 40 W, after which the PO was linearly increased by 20 W every minute until exhaustion, which was determined by the inability to maintain a minimum pedalling frequency (i.e., 60 revolutions per min) despite verbal encouragement. This test was used previously [21] and yielded an exercise duration of approximately 10 min.
Maximal incremental test with a longer time duration (20–25 min) (LTest).
The LTest was performed in the morning after a minimum of two days following the STest. This test was performed in fasted state in order to determine the substrate oxidation. After a standardized 10-min warm-up at 20% PPO reached during STest, the PO was increased by 10% PPO every 5 min until reaching 70% PPO, or until RER reached 1.0 (adapted from Lanzi et al. [21]). At this point, PO was increased by 15 W every minute until exhaustion as previously defined. From our previous data of a submaximal incremental test with 6 min stage duration [21], we determined that between the fourth and the fifth minute of each stage a steady-state condition was already reached in this population, therefore a protocol with 5 min stage was used to determine substrate oxidation and reduce test duration.
Data analysis and calculation
Gas exchange.
, carbon dioxide production (
) and
were measured continuously using a breath-by-breath online system (Vmax 229, Sensor Medics, USA).
,
and RERpeak were defined as the highest 10-s mean values recorded before the subject’s volitional termination of each test.
Peak heart rate and peak power output.
HR was recorded continuously using an HR monitor (Polar RS800, Finland). HRpeak and PPO were defined as the highest peak values reached during each test.
Ventilatory threshold 1 and delta efficiency.
VT1 (, HR and PO) was determined during each test as described in the literature using Wasserman’s ventilatory method [26]. This method consists of visually determining the point at which the
respiratory equivalent (
/
) increases as the
ventilatory equivalent (
/
) remains stable. The estimate of VT1 was supported using the Beaver ventilatory method [27]. This method consists of visually determining the inflection point of
with respect to
. Two blinded and independent investigators determined VT1. Delta efficiency (DE) was calculated as previously described [28].
Statistical analysis
Data are expressed as means±SE for all variables. Normal distribution of the variables was assessed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnoff test. Paired t-tests were used to compare peak and submaximal values between the two different maximal incremental exercise tests. To compare the agreement of the obtained peaks and VT1 values between the two different maximal incremental exercise tests, Bland–Altman plots were used [30]. The constructed graphs displayed scatter diagrams of the differences plotted against the mean of two measurements. The biases estimated from the mean differences () were calculated, and 95% limits of agreement were estimated by
±1.96 SD. To compare the agreement of the obtained peaks and VT1 values, we also assessed Pearson product-moment correlation and intra-class correlation (ICC) coefficients. The level of significance was set at p≤0.05.
Results
Characteristics of the tests
The duration of the LTest was significantly longer (~2.6-fold) than the STest (23.2±0.5 and 8.8±0.3 min, respectively; p≤0.001). During the LTest, the mean warm-up load was 42±1 W, and the mean increment of the 5-min stage was 21±1 W.
Peak exercise values
, HRpeak and
were similar between the LTest and STest (Table 2). By contrast, RERpeak and PPO were significantly lower in the LTest than in the STest (Table 2). There was a strong correlation between
(r = 0.81, p≤0.001; Fig 1A), HRpeak (r = 0.95, p≤0.001; Fig 1C) and
(r = 0.67, p = 0.001; data not shown), as determined by the LTest and STest, and these data were close to the line of identity. RERpeak (r = 0.72, p≤0.001; data not shown) and PPO (r = 0.89, p≤0.001; Fig 1E) were also strongly correlated between the LTest and STest, although there was a systematic underestimation in the LTest (i.e., data did not fit with the line of identity). These analyses were also confirmed by Bland–Altman plots (Fig 1B, 1D and 1F) and ICC analyses (Table 3). Biases and 95% limits of agreement for peak values between the LTest and STest are shown in Table 3.
In A, C and E, the dotted line represents the line of identity. In B, D and F, the light dotted line represents the bias from the mean difference, and the dark dotted line represents the upper and lower 95% limits of agreement.
Ventilatory threshold and delta efficiency values
was similar between the LTest and STest (Table 2). By contrast, HRVT1 and POVT1 were significantly lower in the LTest than in the STest (Table 2). There was a strong correlation between the
(r = 0.72, p≤0.001; Fig 2A), as determined by the LTest and STest, and these data were close to the line of identity. HRVT1 (r = 0.67, p = 0.001; Fig 2C) and POVT1 (r = 0.73, p≤0.001; Fig 2E) were strongly correlated between the LTest and STest, although there was an underestimation in the LTest (i.e., data did not fit with the line of identity). These analyses were also confirmed by Bland–Altman plots (Fig 2B, 2D and 2F) and ICC analyses (Table 3). Biases and 95% limits of agreement for VT1 values between the LTest and STest are shown in Table 3. DE was lower during LTest than during STest (17.8±0.5 and 22.5±0.5%, respectively; p≤0.001).
In A, C and E, the dotted line represents the line of identity. In B, D and F, the light dotted line represents the bias from the mean difference, and the dark dotted line represents the upper and lower 95% limits of agreement.
Discussion
The results of this study showed that, HRpeak and
assessments were not compromised by prolonged stage and test duration, suggesting that the LTest is an appropriate test for evaluating aerobic fitness and may be used for prescribing an exercise training regimen in class II and III obese men. There was, however, a significant influence exerted by time duration on PPO, HR and PO at VT1.
Oxygen uptake
The data of the present investigation show that was statistically similar and showed good agreement between the LTest and STest (correlation coefficients and Bland–Altman plot analyses). These results are in line with previous studies, which reported a similar
between short (~10 min) and long (~25 min) maximal incremental tests with different stage and time durations [8, 9, 11] in healthy normal-weight individuals, suggesting that the dogmatic view that maximal incremental tests should last between 8 and 12 min to elicit
[2–4] should be reconsidered [14]. Additionally,
also showed good agreement with respect to the LTest and STest, and these results are in line with previous studies that showed that
was independent of exercise test duration [3, 7]. However, our results contrast with previous studies that reported different
between short and long maximal incremental tests [3, 4, 7]. The reason for this discrepancy is unclear but may be due to different factors, such as different exercise test protocols (e.g., stage vs. ramp increments). Furthermore, previous studies compared normal and highly trained subjects, whereas this is the first study comparing individuals with a high degree of obesity (BMI ≥ 35 kg.m-2). The Bland–Altman plot analysis of
was similar to previous studies, which reported a mean bias of 0.1 L.min-1 [8, 9], with 95% limits of agreement between 0.4 and -0.6 L.min-1 [8] (which was considered good agreement) between short and long maximal incremental tests with different stage and time durations in well trained triathletes. However, for some individuals (n = 3), the difference in
between the STest and LTest was greater (0.41, 0.53 and 0.57 L.min-1) than the mean bias (Fig 1A and 1B). This result suggests that these subjects presented with consistently lower
during the LTest compared to the STest. Interestingly, these three individuals completed only one or two stages of 15 W.min-1 increments after having completed four stages of 5 min (i.e., 30, 40, 50 and 60% PPO reached during the STest), whereas the other subjects completed up to five 5-min steps (until 70% PPO) or as many as five 1-min steps. It is therefore possible that a premature fatigue state of some subjects may explain the lower
obtained during the LTest [8], suggesting that envisaging a 5-min rest before starting increments of 15 W.min-1 during the LTest may be a reasonable approach of eliciting
, as previously described [22].
Heart rate
HRpeak was also statistically similar and showed very good agreement between the LTest and STest. Although some studies reported higher HRpeak during prolonged incremental exercise tests [5, 9, 10] (most likely linked to higher body temperatures or increased skin blood flow compared to parameters observed during short incremental exercise tests [3]), other studies suggested that HRpeak may not be affected by stage and exercise test duration [8, 11–13, 31]. Additionally, our results are similar to others [8], who reported a mean bias of 3 bpm, with 95% limits of agreement between 6 and -12 bpm between short and long maximal incremental tests with different stage durations in well trained triathletes. On the other hand, contrary to Weston et al. [7], HRVT1 was lower during the LTest compared to the STest. However, the HRVT1 mean bias was ~9 bpm (~5%) between the two tests, and it may be within the range of day-to-day HR variability [32]; therefore, it may be useful in prescribing an appropriate training regimen.
Power output
In line with previous studies [7–9], our results show the significant influence of protocol time duration on PPO, findings similar to those of Bishop et al. [9], who reported a mean bias of 34.4 W, with 95% limits of agreement between 59.7 and 9.0 W between short and long maximal incremental tests with different stage and time durations in moderately active females. Interestingly, the results of the present study and those of Bishop et al. [9] show that PPO demonstrated good correlations with respect to short and long maximal incremental tests, although a systematic underestimation of PPO in prolonged exercise was noted (Fig 1E), also attested by lower ICC coefficient. Similarly, as previously reported [7], POVT1 was also significantly lower during the LTest. The higher POVT1 noted during the STest may be related to the physiological lag time between the increase in work rate and gas exchange responses, leading to an overestimation of VT1 when expressed as a work rate (POVT1) but not when expressed as metabolic units () [7]. Moreover, although not measured, it is possible that the higher PPO observed during the STest was related to lower blood lactate concentrations during the STest compared to the LTest, allowing subjects to attain a higher PO before suffering from local muscle fatigue [7, 11]. Additionally, the
slow component for exercises above the VT1 [33] may be undetectable until the end of testing during rapidly-incremental ramp tests [34] but has sufficient time to be expressed during prolonged exercise tests [35], which may explain the lower PPO but similar
and the lower DE noted during the LTest.
LTest and exercise training prescriptions
It has been established that monitoring and HR during effort is the most commonly used method of prescribing and individualizing exercise training to determine exercise intensity (expressed in %
and %HRpeak). Moreover, training target zones are also usually defined based on %
and %HRpeak to individualize exercise training regimens and to determine the effects of a training session [32, 36]. In obese individuals, the individualization concept of training plays a pivotal role in weight management, particularly in reducing cardiovascular risk and the risk of developing secondary pathologies [37]. Indeed, it has been demonstrated that various forms of training for which exercise intensity was individualized at a target %HRpeak (corresponding to VT1 [38], moderate intensities [39, 40] and high-intensities [40–42]) determined by a short (~10 min) maximal incremental test may improve health-related outcomes (i.e.,
, muscle oxidative capacity, lipid profiles and insulin sensitivity) in this population. From a clinical standpoint, as our results show good agreement in HR and
between the LTest and STest: we believe that the LTest is also an appropriate test for evaluating aerobic fitness and for prescribing exercise training regimens in class II and III obese men. Additionally, compared to short incremental tests, prolonged incremental exercise may also be used to assess fat oxidation kinetics, MFO and Fatmax in obese and severely obese individuals [21]. Indeed, it has been previously demonstrated that individualized Fatmax training may significantly increase muscle oxidative capacity, as well as fat oxidation rates during exercise and insulin sensitivity in obese individuals [19, 43], highlighting its clinical relevance in the treatment of obesity [37] and the importance of correctly assessing Fatmax as a function of measured
[44]. However, to reduce the number of times that subjects have to report to the laboratory before starting training, it is preferable that only one test be performed. Therefore, we suggest that a prolonged incremental exercise test that starts with a 10-min warm-up at 40 W, followed by 20 W increments every 5 min until reaching 120–140 W (i.e., 4 or 5 stages), followed by 15 W increments every minute until exhaustion would be a feasible and accurate test for assessing aerobic fitness and prescribing an exercise training regimen in class II and III obese men.
Methodological considerations
Some methodological limitations arose from the study and need to be further addressed. Firstly, the subjects always completed the STest first and the LTest second. Although a randomised counterbalanced test order would have been preferable, in our study design we need to firstly conduct the STest with regard to determine the correct PO for the warm-up and for the 5-min stage increments during the LTest in order to individualise each protocol and obtain enough points to assess fat oxidation kinetics, MFO and Fatmax in our subjects [29]. Moreover, through this study design, we were able to develop a single test protocol specific to class II and III obese men that accurately and simultaneously assess aerobic and metabolic fitness (see above for details). In this line, Fatmax seems to be accurately assessed during LTest because has been found at similar values (~51%) than those previously reported in this population [19, 21–24]. However, further investigations are needed to confirm this claim. Secondly, as we focused primarily on
and not on
, our results may also have been affected. However, it was recently suggested that
may also be indicative of a true
in both lean [45] and obese individuals [1]. Additionally, previous studies have already compared
between two different maximal incremental tests with different stage and test durations in normal-weight individuals [7–9, 11]. Moreover, the observed agreement in HRpeak and
with respect to the LTest and STest suggests that these measurements are reproducible with different tests in class II and III obese men. However, the lower RER obtained during the LTest may be related to the depletion of bicarbonate reserves as a result of increased time spent above VT1 [10], suggesting that the use of RER as an indicator of maximal effort in the setting of prolonged incremental tests should be reconsidered.
In summary, we demonstrate that, HRpeak and
assessments were not compromised by prolonged test durations in class II and III obese men. Therefore, we suggest that the LTest is a feasible and accurate maximal incremental test and may be used to evaluate aerobic and metabolic fitness and to prescribe exercise training regimens to improve therapeutic approaches used to treat obesity and severe obesity.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: SL FC MC PC AB PF AS DM. Performed the experiments: SL FC MC SM PF. Analyzed the data: SL SM PC AB PF AS DM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: SL SM PC AB PF AS DM. Wrote the paper: SL DM. Involved in the editing process of the manuscript: FC MC PC AB PF AS SM.
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