Figures
Abstract
Background
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is one of the most common spinal deformities found in adolescent populations. Recently, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in a Japanese population indicated that three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs11190870, rs625039 and rs11598564, all located near the LBX1 gene, may be associated with AIS susceptibility [1]. This study suggests a novel AIS predisposition candidate gene and supports the hypothesis that somatosensory functional disorders could contribute to the pathogenesis of AIS. These findings warrant replication in other populations.
Methodology/Principal Findings
First, we conducted a case-control study consisting of 953 Chinese Han individuals from southern China (513 patients and 440 healthy controls), and the three SNPs were all found to be associated with AIS predisposition. The ORs were observed as 1.49 (95% CI 1.23–1.80, P = 5.09E-5), 1.70 (95% CI 1.42–2.04, P = 1.17E-8) and 1.52 (95% CI 1.27–1.83, P = 5.54E-6) for rs625039, rs11190870 and rs11598564, respectively. Second, a case-only study including a subgroup of AIS patients (N = 234) was performed to determine the effects of these variants on the severity of the condition. However, we did not find any association between these variants and the severity of curvature.
Citation: Gao W, Peng Y, Liang G, Liang A, Ye W, Zhang L, et al. (2013) Association between Common Variants near LBX1 and Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Replicated in the Chinese Han Population. PLoS ONE 8(1): e53234. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053234
Editor: Nicholas John Timpson, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
Received: February 7, 2012; Accepted: November 29, 2012; Published: January 4, 2013
Copyright: © 2013 Gao et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81171674 and No. 81071703), Research Fund of Social Development of Guangdong Province (No. 2010B031900023), Research Fund of Popular Science of Guangzhou City (No. 2011KP012) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 11ykzd10). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a structural, tridimensional spinal deformity characterized by lateral curvature of the spine with Cobb angle (which is a measurement used for evaluation of curves in scoliosis [2]) greater than 10°. It affects 2–3% of the adolescent populations [3].
Heritable and genetic factors have been found to play a vital role in the occurrence and development of AIS [4], [5]. Several loci associated with predisposition to AIS have been identified in genome-wide linkage studies in such regions as 6p, 10q, 18q, 19p13.3, 17p11, 19p13, 8q12, 9q31.2-q34.2, 17q25.3-qtel, 12p, and Xq [6]–[14]. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes for estrogen receptor α (ESR1), estrogen receptor β (ESR2), matrilin 1 (MATN1), melatonin receptor 1B (MTNR1B), tryptophan hydroxylase 1(TPH1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) have been reported to be associated with AIS predisposition [15]–[20]. However, so far these studies have not been replicated in other ethnic groups [21]–[25]. Polymorphisms of ESR1, ESR2, MATN1, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2), G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER), and neurotrophin 3 (NTF3) have been reported to be associated with the severity of curvature in AIS [15]–[17], [26]–[30]. These might be the modifier genes for AIS, but at present there is a lack of conclusive functional studies [4].
Genetic association studies are the means of identifying risk variants in complex traits, and replication studies that confirm their findings in other ethnic groups are quite necessary [4], [31]–[33]. Recently, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed in a Japanese population, and three SNPs (rs11190870, rs625039 and rs11598564), all of which were located near the gene LBX1 on chromosome 10q24.31, were reported to be associated with AIS susceptibility [1]. Two association studies conducted in Chinese Han population from Hong Kong and Yangtze River region of mainland China replicated the association between AIS and rs1190870 [34], [35], and rs11598564 was among the top 100 SNPs identified in a GWAS conducted in the United States [36].
In order to determine whether rs11190870, rs625039, and rs11598564 are associated with a predisposition to AIS in Chinese Han population of Southern China, we conducted a case-control study involving 513 AIS patients and 440 control subjects. A case-only study including a subgroup of AIS patients was also performed to determine the effects of these variants on the severity of the condition.
Methods
Ethics Statement
The study has been approved by the Ethical Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University and the Ethical Committee of Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University. Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects or their parents in the case of children.
Study Participants
All the individuals who participated in the present study were of Chinese Han ethnicity and from Guangdong Province in Southern China.
Five hundred and thirteen AIS patients were collected from the First Affiliated Hospital and Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University. They included 336 patients with mild scoliosis (who only needed observation), 108 with moderate scoliosis (treated with bracing), and 69 with severe scoliosis (treated with surgery). The diagnosis of idiopathic scoliosis is one of exclusion, and it is made only when other causes of scoliosis have been ruled out [37], [38]. Based on the age of the patient at the time of his or her first diagnosis of scoliosis, idiopathic scoliosis can be subdivided into three groups: infantile, before three years of age; juvenile, between three and ten years of age; and adolescent, between age ten and skeletal maturity [37], [39]. In our study, all patients provided detailed histories, accepted physical examinations, underwent standard up-standing posteroanterior radiography of the whole spine, and other testing (if necessary), such as MRI, CT, and nuclear scintigraphy etc [37], [40]). All patients were ascertained for diagnosis of AIS at the age of 10–16 years by at least two spinal surgeons. Patients with congenital scoliosis and scoliosis secondary to neuromuscular disorders, endocrine disorders, skeletal dysplasia, connective tissue abnormalities, and syndromic disorders were excluded. The controls typed for the analysis comprised: 1) 363 young students recruited during scoliosis screening at middle and primary schools; 2) 77 young fracture patients selected from the First Affiliated Hospital and Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University. Adam’s forward bend test and scoliometers were used to screen individuals for scoliosis [37], [38]. (The sensitivities of the Adam’s forward bend test and scoliometer have been reported to be 84.37% and 90.62%, respectively, and specificity is 93.44% and 79.76% respectively [41].) Radiographs were taken for validation in case of any uncertainty. Routine history-taking and physical examinations were also conducted to exclude other deformities of the skeletal system, hereditary diseases, and disorders affecting bone growth and metabolism. At least two orthopedic surgeons assessed the controls. Only when all surgeons were in agreement was the participant included in the study.
AIS tends to progress until skeletal maturity, and bracing can change the natural course of the condition [42]. Only a subgroup of AIS patients (N = 234), those who reached the endpoints of curve progression [surgical fusion for AIS or skeletal maturity (defined as age 16 or Risser sign 5)] and had not undergone bracing, were included in the case-only study. The severity of spinal curvature was measured using the Cobb method on standard up-standing posteroanterior radiography of the whole spine [2]. The measurement was made by drawing tangents along the superior endplate of the superior end vertebra and the inferior endplate of the inferior end vertebra. The Cobb angle was here defined as either the angle between the tangential lines or the angle between two lines drawn perpendicular to the tangents (the two angles are identical) [43]. The maximum Cobb angle (MCA) of the primary curve was used to assess the severity of AIS. For patients who underwent surgery, MCA was taken before surgery, and for those who were under observation, MCA was taken during the latest follow-up.
After written informed consent was obtained, participants’ basic information, such as name, age, sex, ethnic group, and birthplace, and clinical information, such as Cobb angle and Risser sign [44], [45], were recorded, and blood samples were collected.
Genotyping
Genomic DNA was isolated from 200 µl blood per patient using Tiangen DNA Blood Mini Kits (Tiangen, Beijing, China) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Genomic DNA was diluted to a final concentration of 10–15 ng/µL for genotyping assays. Polymorphism-spanning fragments were amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and genotyped using the MassArray system (Sequenom, San Diego, CA, U.S.) with primers (Table S1) at the Beijing Genomics Institute in Shenzhen, China, as described previously [46]. For quality control, three template-free controls and sixteen duplicated samples were used per 384-sample plate, and the results were 100% consistent. Genotyping was conducted blindly, and the call rate for each SNP was 100%. The genotype distributions of the SNPs were all in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
Statistical Analysis
Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) was evaluated in both the case and control groups for all SNPs. Differences between cases and controls with respect to allele frequency were evaluated using the Chi-Square test, and the Cochran-Armitage trend test was used for genotype frequency. The allelic odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence interval (CI) ranges were calculated. Bonferroni adjustment was performed for multiple-test corrections. Logistic regression was used to adjust the confounding effects of age and sex and determine the effect of interaction between SNP and sex. The Kruskal–Wallis test was used to evaluate the association between age and genotype. The Kruskal–Wallis test and ordinary least squared regression were used in the comparison of maximum Cobb angles (MCAs) among different genotypes. Linear regression based beta coefficients were also calculated to reflect the changes in MCAs per risk allele. The power calculation for the association study was performed with the NCSS/PASS software (NCSS, Kaysville, UT, USA). Linkage disequilibrium (LD) and haplotype analyses were performed using Haploview 4.2 [47]. The other statistical tests were performed using SPSS 13.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, U.S.) and PLINK 1.07 [48].
Results
Case–control Study
This study included 513 AIS patients with Cobb angles over 15° and 440 control subjects (Table 1). The distributions of the alleles and genotypes for the three SNPs are given in Table 2. All the SNPs were all found to be associated with AIS predisposition, the ORs were observed as 1.49 (95% CI 1.23–1.80, P = 5.09E-5), 1.70 (95% CI 1.42–2.04, P = 1.17E-8) and 1.52 (95% CI 1.27–1.83, P = 5.54E-6) for rs625039, rs11190870 and rs11598564, respectively. And the present study had a power of 91%, 91% and 77% for rs625039, rs11190870 and rs11598564 respectively to show the effects reported in the previous GWAS [1].
The linkage disequilibrium coefficient (r2) between rs625039 and rs11190870 was 0.59, and the coefficient between rs11190870 and rs11598564 was 0.70 (Figure S1). Haplotype analysis did not show any association stronger than that observed between the SNP rs11190870 and AIS (Table 3).
We also evaluated possible confounding factors, such as age and sex using logistic regression, and the adjusted ORs for rs625039, rs11190870 and rs11598564 were 1.60 (95% CI 1.26–2.03), 1.65 (95% CI 1.36–2.01), and 1.51(95% CI 1.24–1.84), respectively (Table S2). No interaction effect between SNP and sex on the risk of AIS was observed (Table S2). Also, no association was found between age and genotype for the SNPs in either the case or control group (Table 4). When the population was stratified by sex, associations between SNPs and AIS predisposition were detected among female individuals, but not among male individuals. However, this might be due to the small sample size of male subset (66 cases and 151 controls) (Table 5).
Case-only Study
This study included 234 AIS patients who had reached the scoliosis curve endpoints [surgical fusion for AIS or skeletal maturity (defined as age 16 or Risser sign 5)] and had never been braced. No difference with respect to MCAs was found among genotypes for any of the SNPs (Table 6). A sensitivity analysis was also performed on all 234 cases and 440 controls. The SNPs were still found to be associated with AIS predisposition, and the ORs showed little difference from the previous case-control study (Table S3). In this way, in the present study, none of the SNPs were found to be associated with the severity of spinal curvature.
Discussion
In the case-control study, all three genotyped SNPs were found to be associated with AIS predisposition. We also found G, T, and G to be risk alleles for rs11598564, rs11190870, and rs625039, respectively, the same as those reported in the previous Japanese GWAS [1]. The association between common variants near LBX1 and AIS predisposition found in Japanese population was successfully replicated in this Chinese Han population.
Studies on animal models showed that damage to the sensory area of the spinal cord or posterior rhizotomy could cause scoliosis, indicating that somatosensory dysfunction might play a significant role in AIS [49]–[52]. In clinical studies, it has been noted that growing children with functional or structural disorders of the somatosensory pathway are more susceptible to scoliosis than their healthy counterparts [5]. In AIS patients, the prevalence of somatosensory disorders is much higher than in the general population [53]–[55]. LBX1 is a homeobox gene expressed in the dorsal part of the spinal cord and hindbrain. It was first cloned by Jagla K et al., and it has been reported to act as a selector gene in the determination of the fates of dorsal spinal and hindbrain somatosensory neurons [56]–[61]. In Lbx1−/− mice, the morphology and neuronal circuitry of the dorsal horn are aberrant, suggesting that LBX1 is critical to the development of the sensory pathway in the spinal cord [58]. Because variants near LBX1 were found to be associated with predisposition to AIS in the present and previous studies, it is possible that abnormal LBX1 expression might contribute to AIS by causing somatosensory function disorders [1].
Replication is essential for substantiation of the positive findings of association studies and identification of common causes of disease among different populations. However, this process often fails in independent studies, including AIS association studies [21]–[25]. Since Xu S etc. [62] reported that there are remarkable genetic differences among Chinese Han populations from different regions of China, ours and other recent two association studies [34], [35], which were conducted in Chinese Han population from different regions of China (from Hong Kong, Yangtze River region and Southern region of China respectively), all replicated the association between AIS and rs1190870, and strongly support that rs11190870 may account for disease predisposition of AIS in Chinese Han population. Yet further replication studies must be performed in other ethnic groups, since of the SNPs evaluated here, only rs11598564 was among the top 100 SNPs identified in a recent large-scale GWAS conducted in the United States [36]. It is also important to note that these three SNPs are all located in the flanking region of LBX1 (rs11190870 and rs11598564 are in the 3′ region, and rs625039 is in the 5′ region). The potential functions of these SNPs are still unclear. These variants may act as regulatory elements for LBX1, affecting the quality and quantity of LBXI mRNA [63], [64]. Then we searched these SNPs in the recently published ENCODE database (http://www.regulomedb.org), and observed rs625039 may minimally affect binding of motif Pax-4; rs11190870 may minimally affect binding of 9 motifs (Lhx5, Pbx-1b, Oct-4, Oct-1, Pou2f2, Lhx3, Pou2f3, Arid3a and Octamer), whereas, rs11598564 may not cause any motif change. It is also possible that these are just markers of LD, associated with actual disease-causing variants. Functional analysis of these variants and targeted resequencing of the whole LD block must be performed to identify functional variants. This may shed further light on the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of AIS.
Adjusting the association for age and sex effects using a logistic regression approach did not substantially change the nature of our findings. The adjusted ORs showed little difference from the pre-adjustment values (Table S2). No association was found between age and genotype for any SNP, indicating that age has no effect on the distribution of the genotypes evaluated in the present study. Although the control group included subjects who were young and had immature skeletal systems [(<10 years) 7; (≥10 and <14 years) 135; (≥14 and <16 years) 223; (>16 years) 75] at the time of sample collection, some of them might go on to develop the disease over time. However, in light of a previous epidemiological studies, only a very small number of them (<1%) would develop clinically significant AIS [3].
Disease modifier genes might be useful for predicting the progression of disease and helpful in early clinical investigation and treatment [4]. For this reason, we conducted a case-only study including a subgroup of AIS patients. Because AIS can progress until skeletal maturity and bracing can change the natural course of AIS, only patients who had reached the endpoints of curve progression without ever having been braced were included [42]. In the present study, we found none of these three SNPs to be associated with the severity of spinal curvature in AIS, which indicates that LBX1 might not be a disease modifier gene for AIS. However, further study with larger sample size and conclusive functional study are needed to confirm this.
This study has some limitations that should be addressed. First, a significant difference was observed between male and female individuals with respect to prevalence of AIS. The ratio of female-to-male prevalence was found to be 3.6∶1 [3]. When we stratified the sample by sex, little evidence for association was found among males (Table 5). Because the variants were found to have the same effects on AIS predisposition in female individuals from both Chinese and Japanese populations, and no interaction effect between SNP and sex was observed (Table S2), we conclude that a lack of power [due to the small size of the male sample population (66 cases and151 controls)], rather than the sex specific effects of the variants in Chinese Han population, is the most plausible explanation for this lack of association. Further study with larger sample size is needed. Second, AIS is a complex trait, and certain non-genetic risk factors for AIS, such as oteopenia and late menarche have been reported [4], [65], [66]. However, these data were not collected in the present study, which limited our ability to evaluate of gene-environment interactions.
Supporting Information
Figure S1.
Linkage disequilibrium among the SNPs was measured using (a) D′ and (b) r2.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053234.s001
(JPG)
Table S1.
Primer sequences used for genotyping the SNPs with the Sequenom platform.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053234.s002
(DOC)
Table S2.
Adjustment for age and sex and investigation of the interaction effect between SNP and sex using logistic regression.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053234.s003
(DOC)
Table S3.
Case-control study with 234 cases in whom the severity of the curve was measurable and 440 controls.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053234.s004
(DOC)
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank all participants for their support in this study. We also thank Dr. Yong Huang of the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Sun Yat-Sen University for statistical advice.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: DH PS. Performed the experiments: WG YP. Analyzed the data: WG YP GL. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: PS DH AL WY LZ. Wrote the paper: WG YP SS.
References
- 1. Takahashi Y, Kou I, Takahashi A, Johnson TA, Kono K, et al. (2011) A genome-wide association study identifies common variants near LBX1 associated with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Nat Genet 43: 1237–1240.
- 2. Cobb J (1948) Outline for the study of scoliosis. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 5: 261–275.
- 3. Weinstein SL (1999) Natural history. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 24: 2592–2600.
- 4. Cheng JC, Tang NL, Yeung HY, Miller N (2007) Genetic association of complex traits: using idiopathic scoliosis as an example. Clin Orthop Relat Res 462: 38–44.
- 5. Kouwenhoven JW, Castelein RM (2008) The pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: review of the literature. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 33: 2898–2908.
- 6. Wise CA, Barnes R, Gillum J, Herring JA, Bowcock AM, et al. (2000) Localization of susceptibility to familial idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 25: 2372–2380.
- 7. Gurnett CA, Alaee F, Bowcock A, Kruse L, Lenke LG, et al. (2009) Genetic linkage localizes an adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and pectus excavatum gene to chromosome 18 q. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 34: E94–E100.
- 8. Chan V, Fong GC, Luk KD, Yip B, Lee MK, et al. (2002) A genetic locus for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis linked to chromosome 19p13.3. Am J Hum Genet 71: 401–406.
- 9. Salehi LB, Mangino M, De Serio S, De Cicco D, Capon F, et al. (2002) Assignment of a locus for autosomal dominant idiopathic scoliosis (IS) to human chromosome 17p11. Hum Genet 111: 401–404.
- 10. Alden KJ, Marosy B, Nzegwu N, Justice CM, Wilson AF, et al. (2006) Idiopathic scoliosis: identification of candidate regions on chromosome 19p13. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 31: 1815–1819.
- 11. Gao X, Gordon D, Zhang D, Browne R, Helms C, et al. (2007) CHD7 gene polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to idiopathic scoliosis. Am J Hum Genet 80: 957–965.
- 12. Ocaka L, Zhao C, Reed JA, Ebenezer ND, Brice G, et al. (2008) Assignment of two loci for autosomal dominant adolescent idiopathic scoliosis to chromosomes 9q31.2-q34.2 and 17q25.3-qtel. J Med Genet 45: 87–92.
- 13. Raggio CL, Giampietro PF, Dobrin S, Zhao C, Dorshorst D, et al. (2009) A novel locus for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis on chromosome 12p. J Orthop Res 27: 1366–1372.
- 14. Justice CM, Miller NH, Marosy B, Zhang J, Wilson AF (2003) Familial idiopathic scoliosis: evidence of an X-linked susceptibility locus. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 28: 589–594.
- 15. Wu J, Qiu Y, Zhang L, Sun Q, Qiu X, et al. (2006) Association of estrogen receptor gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 31: 1131–1136.
- 16. Zhang HQ, Lu SJ, Tang MX, Chen LQ, Liu SH, et al. (2009) Association of estrogen receptor beta gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 34: 760–764.
- 17. Chen Z, Tang NL, Cao X, Qiao D, Yi L, et al. (2009) Promoter polymorphism of matrilin-1 gene predisposes to adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in a Chinese population. Eur J Hum Genet 17: 525–532.
- 18. Qiu XS, Tang NL, Yeung HY, Lee KM, Hung VW, et al. (2007) Melatonin receptor 1B (MTNR1B) gene polymorphism is associated with the occurrence of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 32: 1748–1753.
- 19. Wang H, Wu Z, Zhuang Q, Fei Q, Zhang J, et al. (2008) Association study of tryptophan hydroxylase 1 and arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase polymorphisms with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in Han Chinese. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 33: 2199–2203.
- 20. Aulisa L, Papaleo P, Pola E, Angelini F, Aulisa AG, et al. (2007) Association between IL-6 and MMP-3 gene polymorphisms and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a case-control study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 32: 2700–2702.
- 21. Tang NL, Yeung HY, Lee KM, Hung VW, Cheung CS, et al. (2006) A relook into the association of the estrogen receptor [alpha] gene (PvuII, XbaI) and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a study of 540 Chinese cases. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 31: 2463–2468.
- 22. Nelson LM, Ward K, Ogilvie JW (2011) Genetic variants in melatonin synthesis and signaling pathway are not associated with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 36: 37–40.
- 23. Takahashi Y, Matsumoto M, Karasugi T, Watanabe K, Chiba K, et al. (2011) Replication study of the association between adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and two estrogen receptor genes. J Orthop Res 29: 834–837.
- 24. Takahashi Y, Matsumoto M, Karasugi T, Watanabe K, Chiba K, et al. (2011) Lack of association between adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and previously reported single nucleotide polymorphisms in MATN1, MTNR1B, TPH1, and IGF1 in a Japanese population. J Orthop Res 29: 1055–1058.
- 25. Liu Z, Tang NL, Cao XB, Liu WJ, Qiu XS, et al. (2010) Lack of association between the promoter polymorphisms of MMP-3 and IL-6 genes and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a case-control study in a Chinese Han population. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 35: 1701–1705.
- 26. Inoue M, Minami S, Nakata Y, Kitahara H, Otsuka Y, et al. (2002) Association between estrogen receptor gene polymorphisms and curve severity of idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 27: 2357–2362.
- 27. Yeung HY, Tang NL, Lee KM, Ng BK, Hung VW, et al. (2006) Genetic association study of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) gene with curve severity and osteopenia in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Stud Health Technol Inform 123: 18–24.
- 28.
Jiang J, Qian B, Mao S, Zhao Q, Qiu X, et al. (2011) A Promoter Polymorphism of Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) Gene Is Associated With Severity of Thoracic Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976).
- 29. Peng Y, Liang G, Pei Y, Ye W, Liang A, et al. (2012) Genomic polymorphisms of G-protein estrogen receptor 1 are associated with severity of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Int Orthop 36: 671–677.
- 30.
Qiu Y, Mao SH, Qian BP, Jiang J, Qiu XS, et al. (2011) A Promoter Polymorphism of Neurotrophin 3 (NTF3) Gene Is Associated With Curve Severity and Bracing Effectiveness in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976).
- 31. Neale BM, Sham PC (2004) The future of association studies: gene-based analysis and replication. Am J Hum Genet 75: 353–362.
- 32. Ott J (2004) Association of genetic loci: Replication or not, that is the question. Neurology 63: 955–958.
- 33. Chanock SJ, Manolio T, Boehnke M, Boerwinkle E, Hunter DJ, et al. (2007) Replicating genotype-phenotype associations. Nature 447: 655–660.
- 34. Fan YH, Song YQ, Chan D, Takahashi Y, Ikegawa S, et al. (2012) SNP rs11190870 near LBX1 is associated with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in southern Chinese. J Hum Genet 57: 244–246.
- 35.
Jiang H, Qiu X, Dai J, Yan H, Zhu Z, et al. (2012) Association of rs11190870 near LBX1 with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis susceptibility in a Han Chinese population. Eur Spine J.
- 36. Sharma S, Gao X, Londono D, Devroy SE, Mauldin KN, et al. (2011) Genome-wide association studies of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis suggest candidate susceptibility genes. Hum Mol Genet 20: 1456–1466.
- 37. Reamy BV, Slakey JB (2001) Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: review and current concepts. Am Fam Physician 64: 111–116.
- 38. Weinstein SL, Dolan LA, Cheng JC, Danielsson A, Morcuende JA (2008) Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Lancet 371: 1527–1537.
- 39. Asher MA, Burton DC (2006) Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: natural history and long term treatment effects. Scoliosis 1: 2.
- 40. Oestreich AE, Young LW, Young PT (1998) Scoliosis circa 2000: radiologic imaging perspective. I. Diagnosis and pretreatment evaluation. Skeletal Radiol 27: 591–605.
- 41. Karachalios T, Sofianos J, Roidis N, Sapkas G, Korres D, et al. (1999) Ten-year follow-up evaluation of a school screening program for scoliosis. Is the forward-bending test an accurate diagnostic criterion for the screening of scoliosis? Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 24: 2318–2324.
- 42. Lonstein JE, Winter RB (1994) The Milwaukee brace for the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. A review of one thousand and twenty patients. J Bone Joint Surg Am 76: 1207–1221.
- 43. Kim H, Kim HS, Moon ES, Yoon CS, Chung TS, et al. (2010) Scoliosis imaging: what radiologists should know. Radiographics 30: 1823–1842.
- 44. Risser JC, Ferguson AB (1936) Scoliosis:its prognosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 18: 667–670.
- 45. Risser JC (1958) The Iliac apophysis; an invaluable sign in the management of scoliosis. Clin Orthop 11: 111–119.
- 46. Buetow KH, Edmonson M, MacDonald R, Clifford R, Yip P, et al. (2001) High-throughput development and characterization of a genomewide collection of gene-based single nucleotide polymorphism markers by chip-based matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98: 581–584.
- 47. Barrett JC, Fry B, Maller J, Daly MJ (2005) Haploview: analysis and visualization of LD and haplotype maps. Bioinformatics 21: 263–265.
- 48. Purcell S, Neale B, Todd-Brown K, Thomas L, Ferreira MA, et al. (2007) PLINK: a tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses. Am J Hum Genet 81: 559–575.
- 49. Pincott JR, Taffs LF (1982) Experimental scoliosis in primates: a neurological cause. J Bone Joint Surg Br 64: 503–507.
- 50. Pincott JR, Davies JS, Taffs LF (1984) Scoliosis caused by section of dorsal spinal nerve roots. J Bone Joint Surg Br 66: 27–29.
- 51. Barrios C, Tunon MT, De Salis JA, Beguiristain JL, Canadell J (1987) Scoliosis induced by medullary damage: an experimental study in rabbits. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 12: 433–439.
- 52. Suk SI, Song HS, Lee CK (1989) Scoliosis induced by anterior and posterior rhizotomy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 14: 692–697.
- 53. Cheng JC, Guo X, Sher AH (1998) Posterior tibial nerve somatosensory cortical evoked potentials in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 23: 332–337.
- 54. Cheng JC, Guo X, Sher AH, Chan YL, Metreweli C (1999) Correlation between curve severity, somatosensory evoked potentials, and magnetic resonance imaging in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 24: 1679–1684.
- 55. Guo X, Chau WW, Hui-Chan CW, Cheung CS, Tsang WW, et al. (2006) Balance control in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis and disturbed somatosensory function. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 31: E437–E440.
- 56. Jagla K, Dolle P, Mattei MG, Jagla T, Schuhbaur B, et al. (1995) Mouse Lbx1 and human LBX1 define a novel mammalian homeobox gene family related to the Drosophila lady bird genes. Mech Dev 53: 345–356.
- 57. Gross MK, Dottori M, Goulding M (2002) Lbx1 specifies somatosensory association interneurons in the dorsal spinal cord. Neuron 34: 535–549.
- 58. Muller T, Brohmann H, Pierani A, Heppenstall PA, Lewin GR, et al. (2002) The homeodomain factor lbx1 distinguishes two major programs of neuronal differentiation in the dorsal spinal cord. Neuron 34: 551–562.
- 59. Cheng L, Samad OA, Xu Y, Mizuguchi R, Luo P, et al. (2005) Lbx1 and Tlx3 are opposing switches in determining GABAergic versus glutamatergic transmitter phenotypes. Nat Neurosci 8: 1510–1515.
- 60. Sieber MA, Storm R, Martinez-de-la-Torre M, Muller T, Wende H, et al. (2007) Lbx1 acts as a selector gene in the fate determination of somatosensory and viscerosensory relay neurons in the hindbrain. J Neurosci 27: 4902–4909.
- 61. Huang M, Huang T, Xiang Y, Xie Z, Chen Y, et al. (2008) Ptf1a, Lbx1 and Pax2 coordinate glycinergic and peptidergic transmitter phenotypes in dorsal spinal inhibitory neurons. Dev Biol 322: 394–405.
- 62. Xu S, Yin X, Li S, Jin W, Lou H, et al. (2009) Genomic dissection of population substructure of Han Chinese and its implication in association studies. Am J Hum Genet 85: 762–774.
- 63. Conne B, Stutz A, Vassalli JD (2000) The 3′ untranslated region of messenger RNA: A molecular 'hotspot' for pathology? Nat Med 6: 637–641.
- 64. Miller MR, Zhang W, Sibbel SP, Langefeld CD, Bowden DW, et al. (2010) Variant in the 3′ region of the IkappaBalpha gene associated with insulin resistance in Hispanic Americans: The IRAS Family Study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 18: 555–562.
- 65. Hung VW, Qin L, Cheung CS, Lam TP, Ng BK, et al. (2005) Osteopenia: a new prognostic factor of curve progression in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 87: 2709–2716.
- 66. Mao SH, Jiang J, Sun X, Zhao Q, Qian BP, et al. (2011) Timing of menarche in Chinese girls with and without adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: current results and review of the literature. Eur Spine J 20: 260–265.