A full validation of inorganic arsenic (iAs), methylarsonic acid (MA), and dimethyl arsinic acid (DMA) in several types of rice and rice-based infant cereals is reported. The analytical method was developed and validated in two laboratories. The extraction of the As species was performed using nitric acid 0.2 % and hydrogen peroxide 1 %, and the coupled system liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LCICP-MS) was used for speciation measurements. Detection limit (DL), quantification limit, linearity, precision, trueness, accuracy, selectivity, as well as expanded uncertainty for iAs, MA, and DMA were established. The certified reference materials (CRMs) (NMIJ 7503a, NCS ZC73008, NIST SRM 1568a) were used to check the accuracy. The method was shown to be satisfactory in two proficiency tests (PTs). The broad applicability of the method is shown from the results of analysis of 29 samples including several types of rice, rice products, and infant cereal products. Total As ranged from 40.1 to 323.7 μg As kg–1. From the speciation results, iAs was predominant, and DMA was detected in some samples while MA was not detected in any sample.
Conference
International IUPAC Symposium on Trace Elements in Food (TEF-4), International Symposium on Trace Elements in Food, TEF, Trace Elements in Food, 4th, Aberdeen, UK, 2011-06-19–2011-06-22
References
1 C. Frazzoli, M. D’Amato, S. Caroli. In The Determination of Chemical Elements in Food, S. Caroli (Ed.), pp. 383–400, John Wiley, Hoboken, NJ (2007).Search in Google Scholar
2 10.1021/jf101317n, T. Narukawa, K. Chiba. J. Agric. Food Chem.58, 8183 (2010).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
3 Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (Ed.). FAO Rice Information, Vol. 3, FAO, Rome (2002).Search in Google Scholar
4 10.1021/es802612a, A. A. Meharg, P. Williams, E. Adomako, Y. Y. Lawgali, C. Deacon, A. Villada, R. J. Campbell, G. Sun, Y.-G. Zhu, J. Feldmann, A. Raab, F.-J. Zhao, R. Islam, S. Hossain, J. Yanai. Environ. Sci. Technol.43, 1612 (2009).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
5 10.1104/pp.109.146126, A.-M. Carey, K. G. Acheckel, E. Lombi, M. Newville, Y. Choi, G. J. Norton, J. M. Charnock, J. Feldmann, A. H. Proce, A. A. Meharg. Plant Physiol.152, 309 (2010).Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
6 10.1021/es801238p, G.-X. Sun, P. N. Williams, A.-M. Carey, Y.-G. Zhu, C. Deacon, A. Raab, J. Feldmann, R. M. Islam, A. A. Meharg. Environ. Sci. Technol.42, 7542 (2008).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
7 E. Smith, A. L. Juhasz, J. Weber, R. Naidu. Sci. Total Environ.392, 277 (2008).10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.11.023Search in Google Scholar
8 J. M. Duxbury, G. Panaullah. FAO Water Working Paper, p. 28, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome (2007).Search in Google Scholar
9 10.1021/es070627i, P. N. Williams, A. Villada, C. Deacon, A. Raab, J. Figuerola, A. J. Green, J. Feldmann, A. A. Meharg. Environ. Sci. Technol.41, 6854 (2007).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
10 10.1126/science.321.5886.184, R. Stone. Science321, 184 (2008).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
11 10.1016/j.envint.2011.05.007, G. Li , G. X. Sun, P. N. Williams, L. Nunes, Y. G. Zhu. Environ. Int.37, 1219 (2011).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
12 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.03.015, Y.-G. Zhu, P. N. Williams, A. A. Meharg. Environ. Pollut.154, 169 (2008).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
13 10.1021/es702748q, Y. J. Zavala, R. Gerads, H. Gürleyuk, J. Duxbury. Environ. Sci. Technol.42, 3861 (2008).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
14 10.1080/02652030903148298, D. T. Heitkemper, K. M. Kubachka, P. R. Halpin, M. N. Allen, N. V. Shockey. Food Addit. Contam., Part B2, 112 (2009).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
15 10.1021/es702212p, A. A. Meharg, E. Lombi, P. N. Williams, K. G. Scheckel, J. Feldmann, A. Raab, Y. Zhu, R. Lisam. Environ. Sci. Technol.42, 1051 (2008).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
16 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.05.005, I. Baer, M. Baxter, V. Devesa, D. Vélez, G. Raber, R. Rubio, T. Llorente-Mirandes, J. J. Sloth, P. Robouch, M. B. de la Calle. Food Control22, 1928 (2011).Search in Google Scholar
17 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA J.7, 1351 (2009).Search in Google Scholar
18 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.01.043, A. A. Meharg, G. X. Sun, P. N. Williams, E. Adomako, C. Deacon, Y. G. Zhu, J. Feldmann, A. Raab. Environ. Pollut.152, 746 (2008).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
19 10.1039/c002306j, J. H. Huang, G. Ilgen, P. Fecher. J. Anal. At. Spectrom.25, 800 (2010).Search in Google Scholar
20 10.1021/es0502324, P. N. Williams, A. H. Price, A. Raab, S. A. Hossain, J. Feldmann, A. A. Meharg. Environ. Sci. Technol.39, 5531 (2005).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
21 10.1080/10934520701564178, E. Sanz, R. Muñoz-Olivas, C. Cámara, M. Kumar Sengupta, S. Ahamed. J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part A42, 1695 (2007).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
22 V. Dufailly, M. Nicolas, J. Richoz-Payot, E. Poitevin. J. AOAC Int.94, 947 (2011).10.1093/jaoac/94.3.947Search in Google Scholar
23 10.1021/es071516m, S. Torres-Escribano, M. Leal, D. Velez, R. Montoro. Environ. Sci. Technol.42, 3867 (2008).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
24 10.3358/shokueishi.49.95, M. Hamano-Nagaoka, T. Nishimura, R. Matsuda, T. Maitani. J. Food Hyg. Soc. Jpn.49, 95 (2008).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
25 10.1007/s00216-010-4303-6, J. Feldmann, E. M. Krupp. Anal. Bioanal. Chem.399, 1735 (2011).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
26 10.1016/j.trac.2010.11.015, M. B. de la Calle, H. Emteborg, T. P. J. Linsinger, R. Montoro, J. J. Sloth, R. Rubio, M. J. Baxter, J. Feldmann, P. Vermaercke, G. Raber. Trends Anal. Chem.30, 641 (2011).Search in Google Scholar
27 EN ISO/IEC 17025. General Requirements for the Competences of Testing and Calibration Laboratories, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva (2005).Search in Google Scholar
28 10.1039/b816906c, A. Raab, C. Baskaran, J. Feldmann, A. A. Meharg. J. Environ. Monit.11, 41 (2009).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
29 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.08.007, T. Llorente-Mirandes, M. J. Ruiz-Chancho, M. Barbero, R. Rubio, J. F. Lopez-Sanchez. Chemosphere81, 867 (2010).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
30 10.1351/pac200274050835, M. Thompson, S. L. R. Ellison, R. Wood. Pure Appl. Chem.74, 835 (2002).Search in Google Scholar
31 10.1039/c0em00460j, H. R. Hansen, A. Raab, A. H. Price, G. D. Yongguan Zhu, G. J. Norton, J. Feldmann, A. A. Meharg. J. Environ. Monit.13, 32 (2011).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
32 10.1039/c0ja00125b, M. D’Amato, F. Aureli, S. Ciardullo, A. Raggi, F. Cubadda. J. Anal. At. Spectrom.26, 207 (2011).Search in Google Scholar
33 10.1016/j.envint.2008.07.020, G.-X. Sun, P. N. Williams, Y.-G. Zhu, C. Deacon, A.-M. Carey, A. Raab, J. Feldmann, A. A. Meharg. Environ. Int.35, 473 (2009).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
34 10.1093/jxb/erq462, C. Wu, Z. Ye, W. Shu, Y. Zhu, M. Wong. J. Exp. Bot.62, 2889 (2011).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
35 10.1021/es8001103, Y. G. Zhu, G. X. Sun, M. Lei, M. Teng, Y. X. Liu, N. C. Chen, W. L. Hong, A. M. Carey, A. A. Meharg, P. N. Williams. Environ. Sci. Technol.42, 5008 (2008).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
36 J. Corley. Handbook of Residue Analytical Methods for Agrochemicals, Vol. 1, John Wiley (2003).Search in Google Scholar
37 U.S. EPA. Title 40 of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Part 136 Appendix B, Office of the Federal Register National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, DC (July 1, 1993).Search in Google Scholar
38 10.1007/s00769-006-0191-z, A. Menditto, M. Patriarca, B. Magnusson. Accred. Qual. Assur.12, 45 (2007).Search in Google Scholar
39 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.08.024, K. Deventer, P. Van Eenoo, P. Mikulcıkov, W. Van Thuyne, F. T. Delbeke. J. Chromatogr., B828, 21 (2005).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
40 10.1002/jssc.201100279, O. Frys, P. Bajerova, A. Eisner, M. Mudrunkova, K. Ventura. J. Sep. Sci.34, 2405 (2011).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
41 10.1021/ac00238a002, W. Horwitz. Anal. Chem.54, 67A (1982).Search in Google Scholar
42 Codex Procedural Manual, 19th ed., Codex Alimentarius Commission, Rome (2010).Search in Google Scholar
43 10.1007/s00216-005-3321-2, A. Maroto, R. Boqué, J. Riu, I. Ruisánchez, M. Òdena. Anal. Bioanal. Chem.382, 1562 (2005).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
44 10.1039/b000282h, M. Thompson. Analyst125, 385 (2000).Search in Google Scholar
45 10.1002/aoc.279, A. Shraim, N. C. Sekaran, C. D. Anuradha, S. Hirano. Appl. Organomet. Chem.16, 202 (2002).Search in Google Scholar
46 M. B. de la Calle, T. Lisinger, H. Emteborg, J. Charoud-Got, I. Verbist. Report of the seventh interlaboratory comparison organized by the European Union-Reference Laboratory for Heavy Metals in Feed and Food, IMEP-107: Total and inorganic arsenic in rice, JRC European Commission-IRMM (Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements) (2010).Search in Google Scholar
47 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.04.087, B. L. Batista, J. M. Souza, S. S. De Souza, F. Barbosa Jr. J. Hazard. Mater.191, 342 (2011).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
48 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.01.062, K. Ljung, B. Palm, M. Grandér, M. Vahter. Food Chem.127, 943 (2011).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
49 10.1021/es060222i, P. N. Williams, M. R. Islam, E. E. Adomako, A. Raab, S. A. Hossain, Y. G. Zhu, J. Feldmann, A. A. Meharg. Environ. Sci. Technol.40, 4903 (2006).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
50 N. M. Smith, R. Lee, D. T. Heitkemper, K. D. Cafferky, A. Haque, A. K. Henderson. Sci. Total Environ.370, 294 (2006).10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.06.010Search in Google Scholar
51 USDA. Foreign Agricultural Service Global Agriculture Information Network Report CH6064. China, Peoples Republic of FAIRS Product. Specific Maximum Levels of Contaminants in Foods (2006).Search in Google Scholar
52 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.12.022, Y. Lu, F. Dong, C. Deacon, H.-J. Chen, A. Raab, A. A. Meharg. Environ. Pollut.158, 1536 (2010).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
© 2013 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
