预后营养指数(PNI)和多发性肌炎/皮肌炎合并间质性肺疾病的相关性分析
Correlation between Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI) and Interstitial Lung Disease in Patients with Polymysitis/Dermatomyositis
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2023.1381741, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 192  浏览: 399  科研立项经费支持
作者: 颜苏艳, 李美琪, 刘保成, 杨清锐, 麻贞贞*:山东第一医科大学附属省立医院风湿免疫科,山东 济南
关键词: 皮肌炎多发性肌炎特发性炎症性肌病间质性肺疾病预后营养指数Polymyositis Dermatomyositis Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathy Interstitial Lung Disease Prognostic Nutrition Index
摘要: 目的:探讨预后营养指数(PNI)在多发性肌炎/皮肌炎合并间质性肺疾病(PM/DM-ILD)的相关性以及PNI在PM/DM-ILD中的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析270例PM/DM患者的临床资料,根据肺部影像结果分为多发性肌炎/皮肌炎合并间质性肺疾病组(PM/DM-ILD组,n = 147)及未合并间质性肺疾病组(对照组,n = 123),比较PM/DM-ILD组与对照组的PNI;采用Spearman秩相关分析及Pearson相关分析探讨PNI与其他实验室指标的相关性;采用二元logistics回归分析PM/DM合并ILD的危险因素;采用ROC曲线分析PNI对PM/DM合并ILD的诊断价值。结果:PM/DM-ILD组的PNI、白蛋白(ALB)、补体C3 (C3)、淋巴细胞计数(LY)、白细胞计数(WBC)、血小板计数(PLT)、单核细胞数(MO)及血红蛋白(Hb)水平均低于对照组(P < 0.05);PM/DM-ILD组IgA水平、抗Ro-52抗体阳性比例及抗MAD5抗体阳性比例高于对照组(P < 0.05);两组间性别比、年龄、C反应蛋白(CRP)、血沉(ESR)、IgG、IgM、IgE、抗Jo-1抗体阳性比例、抗EJ抗体阳性比例及抗PL-7抗体阳性比例均无统计学差异(P > 0.05)。相关分析结果显示,PM/DM-ILD患者PNI与LY、Hb、ALB、补体C3、PLT均呈正相关(rs = 0.638、0.338、0.926、0.369、0.348,P均<0.05),PNI与抗MDA5抗体呈负相关(rs = −0.460, P < 0.05)。二元logistics回归分析结果显示PNI水平的降低是PM/DM合并ILD的独立危险因素。PNI、ALB、LY诊断PM/DM合并ILD的ROC AUC值分别为0.838、0.824、0.718。结论:PM/DM-ILD患者PNI水平显著降低,PNI对于评估PM/DM合并ILD具有一定的临床诊断价值。
Abstract: Objective: To explore the relevance of prognostic nutritional index (PNI) in polymyositis/derma- tomyositis combined with interstitial lung disease (PM/DM-ILD) and the diagnostic value of PNI in PM/DM-ILD. Methods: Clinical data of 270 patients with PM/DM were collected. According to the presence or absence of imaging findings of ILD, they were divided into PM/DM-ILD group (n = 147) and control group (n = 123). PNI between the two groups was compared; Spearman rank correla-tion analysis and Pearson correlation analysis were used to study the correlation between PNI and other laboratory indicators; Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors of ILD in PM/DM; ROC curve was used to analyze the diagnostic value of PNI for ILD in PM/DM. Results: The levels of PNI, ALB, C3, LY, WBC, PLT, MO and Hb in PM/DM-ILD were lower than those in the control (P < 0.05). The levels of IgA, the positive proportion of antiRo-52 and anti-MDA5 in PM/DM-ILD were higher than those in the Control (P < 0.05). Gender ratio, age, CRP, ESR, IgG, IgM, IgE, and the posi-tive proportion of anti-Jo-1, anti-EJ and anti-PL-7 between the two groups were not statistically dif-ferent (P > 0.05). The results of correlation analysis showed that PNI was positively correlated with LY, Hb, ALB and C3, PLT in patients with ILD (rs = 0.638, 0.338, 0.926, 0.369, 0.348, P < 0.05) and PNI was negatively correlated with anti-MDA5 (rs = −0.460, P < 0.05). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that the decrease of PNI level was an independent risk factor for ILD in PM/DM. The ROC AUC values of ILD in PM/DM diagnosed by PNI, ALB and LY were 0.838, 0.824 and 0.718 respectively. Conclusion: The level of PNI in PM/DM-ILD patients is significantly decreased. PNI has certain clinical diagnostic value in the evaluation of PM/DM with ILD.
文章引用:颜苏艳, 李美琪, 刘保成, 杨清锐, 麻贞贞. 预后营养指数(PNI)和多发性肌炎/皮肌炎合并间质性肺疾病的相关性分析[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(8): 12421-12429. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.1381741

1. 引言

多发性肌炎(polymyositis, PM)/皮肌炎(dermatomyositis, DM)是一种病因和预后不明的系统性炎性疾病,以不同程度的肌肉炎症为主要特征 [1] [2] 。间质性肺疾病(interstitial lung disease, ILD)是PM/DM的常见并发症,预后不良且死亡率高。据统计,PM/DM中ILD的患病率从2000~2010年的27%到2016~2020年的45%逐步升高 [3] [4] ,且PM/ DM合并ILD的死亡率明显高于未合并ILD的患者 [5] [6] 。因此,探索PM/DM合并ILD的危险因素具有较大临床意义。

目前确诊PM/DM-ILD主要依赖于肺部影像学检查 [7] [8] ,尚无明确、简单且易获得的实验室指标可以预测PM/DM是否合并ILD。预后营养指数(prognostic nutritional index, PNI)是由血清白蛋白和外周血淋巴细胞计数计算得到(PNI = 血清白蛋白(g/L) + 5 × 外周血淋巴细胞绝对值(×109/L)),最初PNI由Onodera等人提出并用于胃癌患者术后预后的预测 [9] ,随后多项研究表明低PNI与多种疾病(如淋巴瘤、肺癌、结直肠癌和心血管疾病)的术后短期并发症及长期预后不良相关 [10] [11] [12] [13] 。最近的研究显示,PNI可能与自身免疫性疾病(如系统性红斑狼疮、干燥综合征)的疾病活动有关 [14] [15] ,但尚未有关于PNI预测PM/DM合并ILD的研究报道。本研究主要探讨DM/PM患者PNI与临床实验室指标的相关性,并评估其对DM/PM患者合并ILD的预测价值。

2. 资料与方法

2.1. 研究对象

纳入2010年6月至2021年 4月于山东省立医院风湿免疫科就诊的初诊初治PM/DM合并ILD患者作为PM/DM-ILD组(n = 147),同期就诊的未合并ILD的PM/DM患者为对照组(n = 123),所有患者入院时均已签署患者知情同意书。纳入标准:所有研究对象诊断均符合欧洲神经肌肉疾病中心和美国肌肉研究协作组2004年提出的特异性炎症性肌病分类诊断标准,其中PM/DM-ILD组患者经肺高分辨率CT检查可见磨玻璃密度影、实变影、网格及蜂窝状改变等肺间质病变;排除标准:1) 因职业、药物、环境、微生物感染等因素导致的间质性肺炎。2) 入院前有糖皮质激素和(或)免疫抑制剂使用史者;3) 入院时伴有慢性、急性感染者;4) 伴有代谢性疾病及肝脏、肾脏疾病者;5) 伴有其他自身免疫性疾病者;6) 伴发肿瘤者。本研究经山东省立医院伦理委员会批准(SWYX: NO. 2022-305)。

2.2. 临床及实验室资料

收集所有患者初次入院时的临床及实验室资料,包括年龄、性别、血红蛋白(hemoglobin, Hb)、白细胞计数(white blood cell, WBC)、淋巴细胞计数(lymphocyte, LY)、单核细胞计数(monocyte, MO)、血小板计数(platelet, PLT)、血沉(erythrocyte sedimentation, ESR)、C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein, CRP)、白蛋白(albumin, Alb)、免疫球蛋白(immunoglobulin, Ig) A、IgG、IgM、IgE、补体C3 (complement C3, C3)、抗Ro-52抗体、抗MDA5抗体、抗Jo-1抗体、抗EJ抗体、抗PL-7抗体,并计算得到PNI (PNI = 血清白蛋白(g/L) + 5 × 外周血淋巴细胞绝对值(×109/L))。

2.3. 统计学处理

采用SPSS 26.0统计学软件进行数据分析。符合正态分布的连续变量用 x ¯ ± s 表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验;呈偏态分布的连续变量用中位数(四分位间距)表示,组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验;分类变量用例(%)表示,组间比较采用连续性校正卡方检验进行分析。采用Pearson相关分析探讨PM/DM-ILD组PNI与符合正态分布的连续性变量之间的相关性;采用Spearman相关分析探讨PM/DM-ILD组PNI与呈偏态分布的连续性变量或分类变量的相关性。采用二元logistic回归分析探讨PM/DM发生ILD的独立危险因素。采用ROC曲线评估PNI、ALB、LY对PM/DM-ILD的诊断价值,计算三者的最佳临界值,并计算灵敏度和特异度,应用MedCalc的Delong检验三者之间的AUC值是否有统计学意义。检验水准(α)为0.05。

3. 结果

3.1. PM/DM-ILD组和对照组临床及实验室资料的比较

PM/DM-ILD组患者共147例,其中男性45例,女性102例,平均年龄(51.43 ± 11.89)岁;对照组患者共123例,其中男性36例,女性87例,平均年龄(49.41 ± 13.85)岁。两组患者性别比、年龄、CRP、ESR、IgG、IgM、IgE、抗Jo-1抗体阳性比例、抗EJ抗体阳性比例及抗PL-7抗体阳性比例均无统计学差异(P > 0.05);PM/DM-ILD组的PNI、ALB、C3、LY、WBC、PLT、MO及Hb水平均低于对照组(P < 0.05),而其IgA水平、抗Ro-52抗体阳性比例及抗MAD5抗体阳性比例均高于对照组(P < 0.05)。见表1

Table 1. Comparison of clinical and laboratory data between PM/DM-ILD group and control group

表1. PM/DM-ILD组和对照组临床及实验室资料比较

3.2. PM/DM-ILD组患者PNI与临床指标的相关性分析

采用Spearman/Pearson相关分析探讨PM/DM-ILD组患者PNI与其临床指标的相关性。结果显示:PM/DM-ILD组患者PNI与其LY、Hb、ALB、C3及PLT呈正相关(rs = 0.638、0.338、0.926、0.369、0.348,P均<0.05);PM/DM-ILD组患者PNI与抗MDA5抗体阳性率呈负相关(rs = −0.460, P < 0.05);与性别、年龄、WBC、MO、CRP、ESR、IgG、IgM、IgE、IgA、抗EJ抗体、抗jo-1抗体、抗PL7抗体阳性率无相关性。见图1

3.3. 二元Logistic回归分析PM/DM合并ILD的危险因素

将PM/DM患者是否合并ILD作为因变量(0 = 否,1 = 是),纳入PNI、抗Ro-52抗体阳性率、抗MDA5抗体阳性率作为自变量进行logistic回归分析。单因素logistic回归分析结果显示:PNI水平的升高是PM/DM合并ILD的保护性因素(OR = 0.757, 95% CI 0.674~0.851, P < 0.001);而抗Ro-52抗体阳性、抗MAD5抗体阳性是PM/DM合并ILD的危险因素(OR = 6.042, 95% CI 2.420~15.081, P < 0.001; OR = 10.018, 95% CI 3.652~27.480, P < 0.001)。多因素logistic 回归分析结果显示:PNI水平的升高是PM/DM合并ILD的独立保护性因素(OR = 0.786, 95% CI 0.687~0.899, P < 0.001);抗Ro-52抗体阳性、抗MAD5抗体阳性是PM/DM合并ILD的独立危险因素(OR = 3.394, 95% CI 1.098~10.485, P = 0.034; OR = 4.046, 95% CI 1.240~13.207, P = 0.021)。

Figure 1. Correlation analysis of PNI and clinical indicators in patients with PM/DM-ILD

图1. PM/DM-ILD患者PNI与临床指标的相关性分析

3.4. PNI、ALB、LY对PM/DM合并ILD的诊断价值

PNI由LY和ALB计算得来的反应机体免疫功能和营养状况的综合性指标。分析PNI、ALB、LY预测DM/PM合并ILD的ROC AUC值,结果分别为 0.838、0.824、0.718,最佳截断值分别为 36.2、34.1 g/L、1.03 × 109/L,诊断灵敏度分别为55.1%、69.4%、65.3%;特异度分别为100%、85.4%、73.2%。见图2

采用Delong检验对ROC AUC进行比较,PNI诊断PM/DM合并ILD的AUC高于LY,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。其他各指标诊断PM/DM发生ILD的AUC差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。见表2

Figure 2. ROC curve analysis of ILD in PM/DM diagnosed by PNI, ALB and LY

图2. PNI、ALB、LY诊断PM/DM发生ILD的ROC曲线分析

Table 2. Comparison of AUC differences among indicators

表2. 各指标之间AUC的差异比较

4. 讨论

PM/DM是一种慢性炎性自身免疫性疾病,主要累及肌肉和皮肤,患者常合并肌肉外受累,如关节炎、心肌病和ILD [2] 。其中,合并ILD患者病程进展缓慢不可逆,由渐进性劳力性气促、限制性通气功能障碍伴弥散功能降低,逐渐丧失肺泡–毛细血管功能单位,最终发展为弥漫性肺纤维化和蜂窝肺,导致呼吸功能衰竭,是导致PM/DM患者死亡的主要原因之一,PM/DM与ILD的一系列临床问题具有较大的研究价值 [16] [17] [18] 。已有研究表明,抗Ro-52和抗MAD5抗体阳性可用于PM/DM的疾病诊断亦可预测PM/DM合并ILD的风险 [19] [20] 。抗Ro-52抗体阳性和抗MAD5抗体阳性是PM/DM合并ILD的独立危险因素,其中抗MDA5抗体阳性患者常合并急进型ILD,其特征是肺功能状态迅速下降和高死亡率;抗Ro52抗体阳性对DM患者合并ILD具有预测作用 [21] [22] [23] [24] 。但对所有来诊患者均进行抗Ro-52和抗MAD5抗体检测不仅增加患者经济负担亦是对实验室工作的挑战,因此积极寻找可能的临床预测指标势在必行。

本研究结果显示,PM/DM-ILD组的LY水平低于对照组,分析其可能的原因是:1) 作为一组异质性病变,炎症级联反应在ILD的发生发展中扮演重要角色。外周血白细胞主要由中性粒细胞及LY组成,当机体发生炎症反应时,细菌产物、细胞因子或趋化因子(如TNF-α,GM-CSF,IL-8和IFN-γ)将中性粒细胞招募到炎症部位发挥作用,使中性粒细胞百分比升高,从而相应地导致LY百分比减少 [25] 。2) 已有研究表明,血液中的LY,尤其是T-LY可以迁移、聚集于受损的组织中,参与局部免疫反应。推测,PM/DM-ILD患者由于肺部组织受损,LY由外周血迁移至损伤肺组织中,导致外周血中游离LY减少 [26] [27] 。Huang W等研究发现,抗MDA5抗体阳性DM合并ILD患者外周血LY明显少于未合并ILD的患者(0.85 ± 0.43 × 109/L vs 1.99 ± 0.42 × 109/L, P < 0.05),且LY与患者预后相关:当患者肺间质病变稳定或缓解时,其外周血LY显著增加;而当其肺间质病变进一步恶化时,其外周血LY则显著减少 [28] 。这一结果表明LY可能参与ILD的疾病发展过程。同样的,Feng Chen等研究亦发现抗MDA5抗体阳性ILD患者较未合并ILD的患者而言,其CD4+T、CD8+T细胞计数降低、CD4:CD8比值升高(P < 0.05) [29] 。此外,多项研究证实肌炎合并ILD患者外周血LY明显低于未合并ILD患者 [30] [31] ,进一步验证了LY在ILD发病过程中发挥重要作用。本研究发现PM/DM-ILD组的ALB水平低于对照组,分析可能的原因为:ALB作为一种维持人体正常生理过程的必需物质,在ILD的发病过程中其作为保护因子可以抑制血管内皮细胞的凋亡,减少氧自由基的产生和血小板聚集。同时,由于大量细胞因子和炎症介质广泛参与ILD的发病可能导致肝脏合成ALB的下降 [32] [33] 。

PNI是由ALB和LY两个指标计算得来,最初被用于评估外科手术风险或恶性肿瘤预后情况。近年来,S S Ahn、Correa-Rodríguez M和吴军来等学者逐步证实PNI与系统性红斑狼疮、干燥综合征等自身免疫性疾病的病情活动有关 [14] [15] [34] ,亦有研究表明低PNI会增加类风湿关节炎合并严重感染的风险 [35] ,此外,PNI还可用于成人Still病的诊断评估 [36] 。但尚未有研究证实PNI与PM/DM合并ILD的关系,故本研究就此问题进行了初步探讨。我们通过ROC曲线评估了PNI、ALB、LY预测PM/DM合并ILD的准确性,得出PNI、ALB、LY的AUC值分别为0.838、0.824、0.718,其中PNI的准确度明显高于ALB和LY。此外,PNI预测ILD的特异度最高,ALB预测ILD的灵敏度最高,在临床实践中可将两者结合进行综合评估。由于PNI是反应机体免疫功能和营养状况的综合性指标,常规的血液检查中即可得到,且相较于ALB和LY,PNI的特异度达100%,可较为准确的评估ILD的发生。PNI可能是一个较为经济实惠且准确度较高的实验室检查可用来预测PM/DM患者合并发生ILD的风险。

后续的单因素、多因素logistics回归分析结果进一步提示PNI水平降低是PM/DM患者合并ILD的独立危险因素。这一结果提示在临床实践中,当PM/DM患者PNI水平低于36.2时,临床医师需重视患者合并ILD的可能,可通过肺部影像学检查进一步明确诊断,并在后续的诊疗过程中进行随访,亦可通过预防感染、规避风险因素等措施使患者PNI水平保持在36.2以上来降低PM/DM患者合并ILD的风险概率。

本研究有一定的局限性。首先,该研究属于小样本单中心回顾性研究,研究规模较小,总样本量较少,得出的结论可能存在偏倚;其次,本研究属于横断面研究,研究结论尚需大规模、多中心队列随访研究进一步验证。

5. 结论

综上,PNI作为一项经济便利、适宜推广的实验室检查在PM/DM患者合并ILD的诊断中具有潜在临床价值。为进一步验证PNI在PM/DM合并ILD诊断中的预测价值尚需大规模、高质量的随机对照研究。

基金项目

山东省自然科学基金青年基金(ZR2021QH043)。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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