Abstract
The associations between failure to quit and posttreatment self-efficacy and motivation were examined among 600 African American smokers enrolled in a randomized trial testing the efficacy of bupropion for smoking cessation. Participants also received brief motivational counseling and were followed for 6 months. Baseline levels of self-efficacy and motivation for all participants were high (8.2 and 8.5 on a 10-point scale, respectively). Longitudinal analyses indicated that smokers who failed to quit were less likely than quitters to report high self-efficacy and motivation from posttreatment to follow-up. However, examination of mean self-efficacy and motivation scores at posttreatment and follow-up revealed that smokers continued to sustain high self-efficacy and motivation. Mean self-efficacy and motivation scores differed by less than 1 point from baseline levels, even though the majority of participants failed to quit smoking. Results suggest that unsuccessful participation in a smoking cessation program does not meaningfully reduce smokers’ self-efficacy and motivation to quit.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahluwalia, J. S., Harris, K. J., Catley, D., Okuyemi, K. S., & Mayo, M. S. (2002). Sustained-release bupropion for smoking cessation in African-Americans: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 288, 468–474.
Arnsten, J. H., Reid, K., Bierer, M., & Rigotti, N. (2004). Smoking behavior and interest in quitting among homeless smokers. Addictive Behaviors, 29, 1155–1161
Baer, J. S., Holt, C. S., & Lichtenstein, E. (1986). Self-efficacy and smoking reexamined: Construct validity and clinical utility. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 846–852.
Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37, 122–147.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.
Caraballo, R.S., Giovino, G.A., Pechacek, T.F., Mowery, P.D., Richter, P. A., Strauss, W. J., et al. (1998). Racial and ethnic differences in serum cotinine levels of cigarette smokers: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1991. Journal of American Medical Association, 280, 135–139.
Coelho, R. J. (1984). Self-efficacy and cessation of smoking. Psychological Reports, 54, 309–310.
Condiotte, M. M., & Lichtenstein, E. (1981). Self-efficacy and relapse in smoking cessation programs. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 49, 648–658.
Curry, S. J., McBride, C., Grothaus, L., Lando, H., & Pirie, P. (2001). Motivation for smoking cessation among pregnant women. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 15, 126–132.
De Vries, H., Mudde, A. N., Dijkstra, S., & Willemsen, M. C. (1998). Differential beliefs, perceived social influences, and self-efficacy expectations among smokers in various motivational phases. Preventive Medicine, 27, 681–689.
DiClemente, C. C., & Prochaska, J. O. (1985). Processes and stages of change: Coping and competence in smoking behavior change. In S. Shiffman & T. A. Wills (Eds.), Coping and substance abuse (pp. 319–343). New York: Academic.
DiClemente, C. C., Prochaska, J. O., Fairhurst, S. K., Velicer, W. F., Velasquez, M. M., & Rossi, J. S. (1991). The process of smoking cessation: An analysis of precontemplation, contemplation, and preparation stages of change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 295–304.
Diggle, P., Liang, K.-Y., & Zeger, S. L. (1994). Analysis of longitudinal data. New York: Oxford University Press.
Gwaltney, C. J., Shiffman, S., Norman, G. J., Paty, J. A., Kassel, J. D., Gnys, M., et al. (2001). Does smoking abstinence self-efficacy vary across situations? Identifying context-specificity within the relapse situation efficacy questionnaire. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 516–527.
Hall, S. M., Delucchi, K. L., Velicer, W. F., Kahler, C. W., Ranger-Moore, J., Hedeker, D., et al. (2001). Statistical analysis of randomized trials in tobacco treatment: Longitudinal designs with dichotomous outcome. Nicotine Tobacco Research, 3, 193–202.
Kinnunen, T., Doherty, K., Militello, F. S., & Garvey, A. J. (1996). Depression and smoking cessation: Characteristics of depressed smokers and effects of nicotine replacement. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 791–798.
Lipsitz, S. R., Molenberghs, G., Fitzmaurice, G. M., & Ibrahim, J. (2000). GEE with Gaussian estimation of the correlations when data are incomplete. Biometrics, 56, 528–536.
McIntyre, K. O., Lichtenstein, E., & Mermelstein, R. J. (1983). Self-efficacy and relapse in smoking cessation: A replication and extension. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 632–633.
Okuyemi, K. S., Ahluwalia, J. S., Richter, K. P., Mayo, M. S., & Resnicow, K. (2001). Differences among African American light, moderate, and heavy smokers. Nicotine Tobacco Research, 3, 45–50.
Okuyemi, K. S., Scheibmeir, M., Butler, J., & Ahluwalia, J. S. (2003). Perceptions of smoking among African-American light smokers. Substance Abuse, 24, 191–193.
Orleans, C. T., Schoenbach, V. J., Wagner, E. H., Quade, D., Salmon, M. A., Pearson, D. C., et al. (1991). Self-help quit smoking interventions: Effects of self-help materials, social support instructions, and telephone counseling. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 439–448.
Polivy, J., & Herman, C. P. (2002). If at first you don’t succeed: False hopes of self-change. American Psychologist, 57, 677–689.
Prochaska, J. O., DiClemente, C. C., & Norcross, J. C. (1992). In search of how people change: Applications to addictive behaviors. American Psychologist, 47, 1102–1114.
Royce, J. M., Hymowitz, N., Corbett, K., Hartwell, T. D., & Orlandi, M. A., for the COMMIT Research Group. (1993). Smoking cessation factors among African Americans and whites. American Journal of Public Health, 83, 220–226.
Schachter, S. (1982). Recidivism and self-cure of smoking and obesity. American Psychologist, 37, 436–444.
Scholte, R. H. J., & Breteler, M. H. M. (1997). Withdrawal symptoms and previous attempts to quit smoking: Associations with self-efficacy. Substance Use & Misuse, 32, 133–148.
Sciamanna, C. N., Hoch, J. S., Duke, C., Fogle, M. N., & Ford, D. E. (2000). Comparison of five measures of motivation to quit smoking among a sample of hospitalized smokers. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 15, 16–23.
Shiffman, S., Balabanis, M. R., Paty, J. A., Engberg, J., Gwaltney, C. J., Liu, K. S., et al. (2000). Dynamic effects of self-efficacy on smoking lapse and relapse. Health Psychology, 19, 315–323.
Stuart, K., Borland, R., & McMurray, N. (1994). Self-efficacy, health locus of control, and smoking cessation. Addictive Behaviors, 19, 1–12.
Williams, G. C., Gagne, M., Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2002). Facilitating autonomous motivation for smoking cessation. Health Psychology, 21, 40–50.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This study was supported by research grant ROI CA77856 from the National Cancer Institute to Dr. Ahluwalia. Dr. Mayo was supported in part by research grant R24 CA95835 from the National Cancer Institute. Glaxo-Wellcome, Inc. provided study medication. This work is based on a study submitted by the first author in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Kansas. An earlier version of this article was presented at the Society of Behavioral Medicine annual meeting, March 2002, Washington, DC.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Boardman, T., Catley, D., Mayo, M.S. et al. Self-efficacy and motivation to quit during participation in a smoking cessation program. Int. J. Behav. Med. 12, 266–272 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327558ijbm1204_7
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327558ijbm1204_7