Skip to main content
Download PDF

Allogenic perinatal tissue for musculoskeletal regenerative medicine applications: a systematic review protocol

Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research volume 17, Article number: 307 (2022) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Musculoskeletal ailments impact the lives of millions of people, and at times necessitate surgery followed by physiotherapy, drug treatments, or immobilization. Regenerative musculoskeletal medicine has undergone enormous progress over the last few decades. Sources of tissues used for regenerative medicine purposes can be grouped into autologous or allogenic. Although autologous sources are promising, there is a wide range of limitations with the treatment, including the lack of randomized controlled studies for orthopaedic conditions, donor site morbidity, and highly variable outcomes for patients. Allogenic sources bypass some of these shortcomings and are a promising source for orthopaedic regenerative medicine applications.

Methods

A systematic search will be performed using PubMed, Elsevier, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases for articles published in English before May 2022. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement and guidelines will be used. Studies will be eligible if they apply to acute and chronic orthopaedic musculoskeletal complications or animal or human disease models. Publications must include the use of MSCs and/or tissue obtained from amniotic/chorionic membrane, amniotic fluid, umbilical cord, and/or umbilical cord-derived Wharton’s jelly as an intervention. Placebos, noninjury models, acute injury models, non-injury models, and gold standard treatments will be compared. The study selection will be performed by two independent reviewers using a dedicated reference management software. Data synthesis and meta-analysis will be performed separately for preclinical and clinical studies.

Discussion

The results will be published in relevant peer-reviewed scientific journals. Investigators will present results at national or international conferences.

Trial registration: The Protocol will be registered on PROSPERO international prospective register of systematic reviews prior to commencement.

Background

Musculoskeletal injuries are classified as any injury that affects bones, muscles, ligaments, tendons, and nerves [1]. These ailments bring pain to millions of people each year and costs healthcare services an estimated $54 billion every year [2]. Current and conventional methods of treatment for such conditions are limited, as they often do not address the pathology that initially caused the damage [3,4,5]. Presently, non-surgical methods for the relief of orthopaedic injuries include lifestyle changes such as exercise, diet, physical therapy, and weight loss [6,7,8,9]. Other treatments involve non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), viscosupplementation, corticosteroid injections, and opioids [6, 10,11,12]. NSAIDs do aid the patient’s pain in the short-term, but do not address the underlying problem [13]. In viscosupplementation, hyaluronic acid is injected into a patients joint. This hyaluronic acid is supposed to act as a lubricant and reduce discomfort and facilitate movement, but many patients do not necessarily experience an improvement in their function [6]. Corticosteroid injections can also help reduce inflammation and pain [14], but they only provide interim relief [14]. Parenteral and epidural opioids are relatively effective in relieving postoperative pain, but orthopaedic surgeons have many hesitations to prescribe them [15]. For example, mild side effects for opioid medications include constipation, sedation, and vomiting, and more severe adverse effects entail hypertension, respiratory problems, urinary difficulties, and dehydration [15]. Furthermore, a major cause for concern when prescribing opioids for pain management is the potential for a patient to develop dependence on the drug [15]. While all these treatment methods are somewhat beneficial, they all seem to be temporary solutions to the patient’s underlying problem. In response to these limitations, researchers and clinicians have shown increased interest in the use of regenerative medicine-based modalities [16,17,18,19]. These regenerative medicine modalities include autologous and allogenic sources. The main types of autologous treatments include platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections, bone marrow transplants (BMTs), and the use of adipose-derived tissues (ADTs) and/or cells (ADCs) [20,21,22,23]. Although promising, these autologous sources have limitations. For example, the efficacy of PRP injections is highly variable, as basic science research studies show that their effects can be both pro- and anti-inflammatory and the therapeutic results depend on several factors [24]. BMT, or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, also presents its own limitations, as patients were more likely to experience post-operative complications compared to patients who underwent an allogenic BMT [25]. One of the most common means of obtaining ADT or ADCs for autologous treatment is via stromal vascular fraction (SVF). SVF is an accessible, minimally manipulated array of cells that can be used for autologous regenerative treatment [26], which can be isolated either enzymatically or mechanically [27]. Although this is a promising method, there is a dearth of randomized controlled studies for orthopaedic conditions [28]. Additionally, autologous transplants are susceptible to the relapse of tumor if the autograft contains malignant cells [29]. Autologous ADTs/ADCs and BMTs pose may carry point of harvest morbidity [30,31,32]. To overcome these limitations, and develop an alternate supply, clinicians have begun exploring the use of allogenic sources bypassing some of the drawbacks associated with autologous tissue/sources. The allogenic perinatal tissues discussed in this article include the amnion/chorion membrane (ACM), amniotic fluid (AF), umbilical cord (UC), umbilical cord-derived Wharton’s jelly (UC-WJ), and mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) derived from these tissues. There is ample literature showing the safety and efficacy of autologous sources, but there is limited research concerning perinatal allogenic sources. This review aims to document the preclinical and clinical outcomes of different perinatal allogenic tissues and/or derived cells for orthopaedic regenerative medicine applications. The secondary goal is to list all ongoing clinical trials enlisted on ClinicalTrials.gov related to different perinatal allogenic tissues and/or derived cells for orthopaedic regenerative medicine applications.

Methods

The systematic review will be registered on the PROSPERO international prospective register of systematic reviews and will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement and guidelines [3, 33].

Eligibility criteria

The PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Study Design) framework will be used as a template for defining eligibility criteria for literature search [34].

Population

Research involving animal models and humans (preclinical and clinical studies) will be considered for review, without exclusion relating to sex or age. Preclinical studies must include human tissues and/or cells isolated from a living model. Studies meeting eligibility criteria will apply to both acute and chronic orthopaedic musculoskeletal complications or disease models. Articles will be excluded if they do not relate to orthopaedic intervention.

Intervention

Research meeting inclusion criteria will involve the use of MSCs and/or tissue obtained from amniotic/chorionic membrane, amniotic fluid, umbilical cord, and/or umbilical cord-derived Wharton’s jelly. Studies will be excluded if amniotic/chorionic membrane, amniotic fluid, umbilical cord, and/or umbilical cord-derived Wharton’s jelly is not included in the experimental tissue and/or cell type examined. Studies will be excluded if they report the use of amniotic/chorionic membrane, amniotic fluid, umbilical cords, and/or umbilical cord-derived Wharton’s jelly tissue and/or MSCs in combination with other tissue and/or cell populations.

Comparison

Comparators considered will include placebos, noninjury models, acute injury models, non-injury models, and gold standard treatments for orthopaedic injury.

Outcomes

For basic scientific and/or preclinical research, studies relating to human musculoskeletal injury reporting histological or biochemical measures will be included. For clinical research, studies pertaining to human orthopaedic musculoskeletal injury reporting histological and/or biochemical measures and functional scores (activity, quality of life, pain, etc.) will be included.

Study design

Observational studies (cohort, cross-sectional, and case-controlled prospective or retrospective studies) or randomized controlled trials comparing outcomes of tissue and/or MSCs derived from amniotic/chorionic membrane, amniotic fluid, umbilical cords, and/or umbilical cord-derived Wharton’s jelly with control, experimental therapy, or gold standard treatment regardless of their length of follow-up. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses will only be examined to identify further studies for inclusion, and results of meta-analyses will not be included in the analysis. There will be no limitation based on date of publication.

Information sources

A systematic search will be conducted in PubMed, Elsevier, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect databases of English language articles published before May 2022. Secondary searching of reference lists of key articles, narrative and systematic reviews, and meta-analyses will be undertaken to identify any additional studies potentially missed in electronic search.

Search

The search and selection process will be based on the PRISMA checklist and flow diagram based on the eligibility and inclusion criteria previously outlined. A web-based reference software system (RefWorks) will be used for data management.

Study selection

Two reviewers will independently perform the study selection process. Screening of abstracts will be performed, and full text articles will be retrieved and uploaded to the reference management software. A thorough secondary screening will be performed independently by two reviewers. The secondary screening of the full text articles will eliminate studies that do not meet inclusion criteria.

Data collection

Data extraction from articles that meet inclusion criteria will be performed by two independent reviewers. Data extracted and synthesized will include authors, publication year, study design, group controls, group interventions, outcome measurement, and outcome assessment. Customized forms will be used in the data extraction and collection process. The primary authors will be contacted via email for any information necessitating clarification.

Data items

Relevant items of population, problem, intervention, comparison, and outcome will be extracted and included. For basic scientific research, relevant histological and/or biochemical measures will be included. For clinical research, all histological measures, biochemical measures, and functional scores will be included.

Risk of bias

Multiple tools will be used to assess the risk of bias for included studies. The Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation (SYRCLE) risk of bias tool will be applied to animal studies [35]. Ten domains will be addressed related to selection bias, performance bias, detection bias, attrition bias, reporting bias, and other biases. The Risk of Bias in Non-randomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool will be used to assess observational and quasi-randomized studies [36]. Seven domains will be used to assess risk including: confounding, participant selection bias, classification bias, deviation bias, bias due to missing data, outcome measurement bias, and bias in selection of reported results. Studies will be judged to have no information, or a low, moderate, serious, or critical risk of bias. For randomized controlled trials, the Risk of Bias 2 (RoB 2) tool will be used to establish the risk of bias [37]. Five domains including biases arising from the randomization process, from deviations from intended interventions, from missing outcome data, in measurement of the outcome, and in selection of the reported result will be analyzed. Overall risk of bias will be determined as low, some concerns, or high. All included studies will be independently scored by two reviewers, and consensus reached by discussion.

Data synthesis and meta-analysis

Data synthesis and meta-analysis will be performed separately for preclinical and clinical studies, following published guidelines [37]. Given the sparsity of homogenous research, a qualitative analysis of common outcome variables will be conducted. Subgroups chosen for analysis will include tissue and/or MSCs derived from amniotic/chorionic membrane, amniotic fluid, umbilical cords, and/or umbilical cord-derived Wharton’s jelly versus experimental therapy and/or control. Results of meta-analyses extracted data will be summarized in tables and narrative interpretation provided, with emphasis on outcome measures.

Discussion

The results of this review will be published in relevant peer reviewed scientific journals and presented at national or international conferences (‘Publications’) by the Investigators. This topic collates the information available regarding allogenic perinatal tissues and their respective uses for orthopedic regenerative medicine. This systematic review will have a beneficial impact on the present state of knowledge regarding this topic as it will help other clinicians and researchers identify the current information available along with the supporting studies.

Documenting protocol amendments

Protocol amendments and updates will be documented via PROSPERO online register. The nature of the changes made will be recorded, dated and accessible along with the most recent version within the record audit trail under the systematic review protocol registration.

Availability of data and materials

The results of this review will be published in a relevant scientific journal or presented at national or international conferences (‘Publications’) by the Investigators.

Abbreviations

ACM:

Amnion/chorion membrane

ADCs:

Adipose-derived cells

ADTs:

Adipose-derived tissues

AF:

Amniotic fluid

BMTs:

Bone marrow transplants

MSCs:

Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells

NSAIDs:

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

PICOS:

Population, intervention, comparison, outcome, study design

PRISMA:

Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses

PRP:

Platelet-rich plasma

SVT:

Stromal vascular fraction

SYRCLE:

Systematic review centre for laboratory animal experimentation

RoB 2:

Risk of bias 2

ROBINS-I:

The risk of bias in non-randomized studies of interventions

UC:

Umbilical cord

UC-WJ:

Umbilical cord-derived Wharton’s jelly

References

  1. Musculoskeletal Pain [Internet]. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14526-musculoskeletal-pain. Accessed 16 Apr 2022.

  2. The cost of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) [infographic] [Internet]. ErgoPlus. 2015 .https://ergo-plus.com/cost-of-musculoskeletal-disorders-infographic/. Accessed 16 Apr 2022.

  3. Main BJ, Valk JA, Maffulli N, et al. Umbilical cord-derived Wharton’s jelly for regenerative medicine applications in orthopedic surgery: a systematic review protocol. J Orthop Surg Res. 2020;15(527):2022. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-020-02067-w.Accessed16Apr.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Gupta A. Allogenic amniotic tissue for treatment of knee and hip osteoarthritis. Pharmaceuticals. 2022;15(4):404. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15040404.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Gupta A. Commentary: cell-free stem cell-derived extract formulation for treatment of knee osteoarthritis. J Orthop Orthop Surg. 2022;3(1):23–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Viscosupplementation Treatment for Knee Arthritis-OrthoInfo-AAOS [Internet]. Aaos.org.https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/treatment/viscosupplementation-treatment-for-knee-arthritis/. Accessed 16 Apr 2022.

  7. Main BJ, Maffulli N, Valk JA, Rodriguez HC, Gupta M, El-Amin SF 3rd, et al. Umbilical cord-derived Wharton’s jelly for regenerative medicine applications: a systematic review. Pharmaceuticals. 2021;14(11):1090.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Gupta A, Rodriguez HC, Potty AG, Levy HJ, El-Amin SF III. Treatment of knee osteoarthritis with intraarticular umbilical cord-derived Wharton’s jelly: a case report. Pharmaceuticals. 2021;14(9):883.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Gupta A, Maffulli N, Rodriguez HC, Mistovich RJ, Delfino K, Cady C, et al. Cell-free stem cell-derived extract formulation for treatment of knee osteoarthritis: study protocol for a preliminary non-randomized, open-label, multi-center feasibility and safety study. J Orthop Surg Res. 2021;16(1):514.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Gupta A, Maffulli N, Rodriguez HC, Carson EW, Bascharon RA, Delfino K, et al. Safety and efficacy of umbilical cord-derived Wharton’s jelly compared to hyaluronic acid and saline for knee osteoarthritis: study protocol for a randomized, controlled, single-blind, multi-center trial. J Orthop Surg Res. 2021;16(1):352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Gupta A, Maffulli N, Rodriguez HC, Lee CE, Levy HJ, El-Amin SF 3rd. Umbilical cord-derived Wharton’s jelly for treatment of knee osteoarthritis: study protocol for a non-randomized, open-label, multi-center trial. J Orthop Surg Res. 2021;16(1):143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Piccirilli E, Oliva F, Murè MA, Mahmoud A, Foti C, Tarantino U, et al. Viscosupplementation with intra-articular hyaluronic acid for hip disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J. 2016;6(3):293–9. https://doi.org/10.11138/mltj/2016.6.3.293.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Williams RS. NSAIDs: When to use them, and how they help inflammation [Internet]. Coastalorthoteam.com. https://www.coastalorthoteam.com/blog/nsaids-when-to-use-them-and-how-they-help-inflammation. Accessed 16 Apr 2022.

  14. Martin CL, Browne JA. Intra-articular corticosteroid injections for symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: what the orthopaedic provider needs to know. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2019;27(17):e758–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Trasolini NA, McKnight BM, Dorr LD. The opioid crisis and the orthopedic surgeon. J Arthrop. 2018;33(11):3379–82.e1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Gupta A, Rodriguez HC, Delfino K, Levy HJ, El-Amin SF 3rd, Gaines R. Evaluation of immediate and short-term efficacy of DualStim therapy with and without intracavernosal umbilical cord-derived Wharton’s jelly in patients with erectile dysfunction: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Contemp Clin Trials Commun. 2021;23(100790):100790.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Gupta A, El-Amin SF 3rd, Levy HJ, Sze-Tu R, Ibim SE, Maffulli N. Umbilical cord-derived Wharton’s jelly for regenerative medicine applications. J Orthop Surg Res. 2020;15(1):49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Navani A, Manchikanti L, Albers SL, Latchaw RE, Sanapati J, Kaye AD, et al. Responsible, safe, and effective use of biologics in the management of low back pain: American society of interventional pain physicians (ASIPP) guidelines. Pain Physician. 2019;22(1S):S1–74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Center for Regenerative Medicine [Internet]. Mayo Clinic. 2019. https://www.mayo.edu/research/centers-programs/center-regenerative-medicine/about/about-regenerative-medicine. Accessed 16 Apr 2022.

  20. Ding D-C, Shyu W-C, Lin S-Z. Mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Transpl. 2011;20(1):5–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Dohan Ehrenfest DM, Andia I, Zumstein MA, Zhang C-Q, Pinto NR, Bielecki T. Classification of platelet concentrates (Platelet-Rich Plasma-PRP, Platelet-Rich Fibrin-PRF) for topical and infiltrative use in orthopedic and sports medicine: current consensus, clinical implications and perspectives. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J. 2014;4(1):3–9. https://doi.org/10.11138/mltj/2014.4.1.0013.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Filomeno P, Dayan V, Touriño C. Stem cell research and clinical development in tendon repair. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J. 2012;2(3):204–11.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Mardones R, Via AG, Jofré C, Minguell J, Rodriguez C, Tomic A, et al. Cell therapy for cartilage defects of the hip. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J. 2016;6(3):361–6. https://doi.org/10.11138/mltj/2016.6.3.361.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Middleton KK, Barro V, Muller B, Terada S, Fu FH. Evaluation of the effects of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy involved in the healing of sports-related soft tissue injuries. Iowa Orthop J. 2012;32:150–63.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Kapucu S, Karacan Y. Physiological problems in patients undergoing autologous and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Asia Pac J Oncol Nurs. 2014;1(1):50–4. https://doi.org/10.4103/2347-5625.135821.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Ramakrishnan VM, Boyd NL. The adipose stromal vascular fraction as a complex cellular source for tissue engineering applications. Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 2018;24(4):289–99. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.TEB.2017.0061.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Aronowitz JA, Lockhart RA, Hakakian CS. Mechanical versus enzymatic isolation of stromal vascular fraction cells from adipose tissue. Springerplus. 2015;4(1):713. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-015-1509-2.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Pak J, Lee JH, Park KS, Park M, Kang L-W, Lee SH. Current use of autologous adipose tissue-derived stromal vascular fraction cells for orthopedic applications. J Biomed Sci. 2017;24(1):9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12929-017-0318-z.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Malogolowkin MH, Hemmer MT, Le-Rademacher J, Hale GA, Mehta PA, Smith AR, et al. Outcomes following autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant for patients with relapsed Wilms’ tumor: a CIBMTR retrospective analysis. Bone Marrow Transpl. 2017;52(11):1549–55. https://doi.org/10.1038/bmt.2017.178.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Autologous stem cell transplant: A guide for patients & caregivers [Internet]. Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. .https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/patient-education/autologous-stem-cell-transplant-guide-patients-caregivers. Accessed 16 Apr 2022.

  31. Andersen BL, Golden-Kreutz DM. Cancer. In: Comprehensive clinical psychology. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1998. p. 217–36.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  32. Zhang Y, Ni M, Zhou C, Wang Y, Wang Y, Shi Y, et al. Autologous adipose-derived stem cells for the treatment of complex cryptoglandular perianal fistula: a prospective case-control study. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2020;11(1):475. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-020-01995-y.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Maffulli N, Rodriguez HC, Stone IW, Nam A, Song A, Gupta M, et al. Artificial intelligence and machine learning in orthopedic surgery: a systematic review protocol. J Orthop Surg Res. 2020;15(1):478.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. O’Connor D, Green S, Higgins J. Defining the review question and for including studies. In: Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions: cochrane book series. Chichester: Wiley; 2008. p. 81–94.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  35. Sterne JA, Hernán MA, Reeves BC, Savović J, Berkman ND, Viswanathan M, et al. ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomized studies of interventions. BMJ. 2016;355:i4919.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Sterne JAC, Savović J, Paige MJ, Elbers RG, Blencowe NS, Boutron I, et al. RoB 2 a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2019;366:I4898.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Hooijmans CR, Rovers MM, de Vries RB, Leenaars M, Ritskes-Hoitinga M, Langendam MW. SYRCLE’s risk of bias tool for animal studies. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2014;14:43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Not Applicable.

Funding

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland

    Adarsh Aratikatla

  2. Department of Musculoskeletal Disorders, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84084, Fisciano, Italy

    Nicola Maffulli

  3. San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona Hospital “Clinica Orthopedica” Department, Hospital of Salerno, 84124, Salerno, Italy

    Nicola Maffulli

  4. Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4DG, UK

    Nicola Maffulli

  5. School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University School of Medicine, Stoke-on-Trent, ST5 5BG, UK

    Nicola Maffulli

  6. Holy Cross Hospital, Orthopaedic Research Institute, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 33334, USA

    Hugo C. Rodriguez

  7. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, FL, USA

    Hugo C. Rodriguez

  8. Future Biologics, Lawrenceville, GA, 30043, USA

    Manu Gupta & Ashim Gupta

  9. Polar Aesthetics Dental & Cosmetic Centre, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India

    Manu Gupta & Ashim Gupta

  10. South Texas Orthopaedic Research Institute (STORI Inc.), Laredo, TX, 78045, USA

    Anish G. Potty & Ashim Gupta

  11. Laredo Sports Medicine Clinic, Laredo, TX, 78041, USA

    Anish G. Potty

  12. El-Amin Orthopaedic & Sports Medicine Institute, Lawrenceville, GA, 30043, USA

    Saadiq F. El-Amin III

  13. Regenerative Sports Medicine, Lawrenceville, GA, 30043, USA

    Saadiq F. El-Amin III

  14. BioIntegrate Inc., 2505 Newpoint Pkwy, Suite – 100, Lawrenceville, GA, 30043, USA

    Saadiq F. El-Amin III & Ashim Gupta

  15. Veterans in Pain (V.I.P.), Valencia, CA, 91354, USA

    Ashim Gupta

  16. Indian Stem Cell Study Group (ISCSG) Association, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 110048, India

    Ashim Gupta

Authors
  1. Adarsh Aratikatla
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Nicola Maffulli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Hugo C. Rodriguez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Manu Gupta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Anish G. Potty
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Saadiq F. El-Amin III
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Ashim Gupta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

AG contributed to the review concept and study design. AA, AGP and AG provided input for the review. AA, HCR and MG provided input to the development of search strategies and methodologies for the literature review. AA, NM, HCR, MG, AGP, SFE and AG drafted the review protocol. All authors provided feedback and approved the final protocol. AG is the guarantor of the review. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ashim Gupta.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Aratikatla, A., Maffulli, N., Rodriguez, H.C. et al. Allogenic perinatal tissue for musculoskeletal regenerative medicine applications: a systematic review protocol. J Orthop Surg Res 17, 307 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-022-03197-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-022-03197-z

Keywords

Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research

ISSN: 1749-799X