- Published:
Teratogenicity and Embryotoxicity of Orally Administered Fenchlorphos in Blue Foxes
Teratogenitet og embryotoksisitet av fenklorfos etter oral administra-sjon til blårev
Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica volume 24, pages 99–112 (1983)
Abstract
Pregnant blue foxes (Alopex lagopus) were administered fenchlorphos (0-0-dimethyl-0-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) phos-phorothioate) orally at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day in different periods of gestation. The dose chosen represents the therapeutic dose for the treatment of parasitic lesions. At term the mean number of whelps were recorded, and they were killed and examined for external, visceral and skeletal malformations. Of 19 medicated vixens the mean number of live whelps at term was 1.2 per vixen versus 9.5 in the control group. There was an evident predominance of males in the medicated groups. Several malformations of the head were registered, among them incomplete ossification of the skull bones, cleft palate, hydrocephalus internus and externus. Minor malformations like extra ribs or missing ribs occurred in the medicated groups. Congenital alopecia, hypoplastic kidneys, and hydronephrosis were observed in all the whelps in 1 medicated group. No significant difference in total brain weight, cerebellum weight or the cerebellum-to-total-brain weight was observed.
Histological examination of the cerebellum showed a narrowing or absence of the granular and the molecular layers of the cortical zone.
Sammendrag
Fenklorfos (0-0-dimetyl-0- (2,4,5-triklorof enyl) f osf orothioat), 100 mg/kg/dag, ble administrert oralt til drektige blårever (Alopex lago-pus) i ulike deler av drektighetsperioden. Doseringen som ble valgt. representerer den terapeutiske dose ved behandling av Sarcoptes skabb hos blårev. Ved fødsel ble antall valper registrert, avlivet og undersøkt for eventuelle misdannelser. Av 19 rever i forsøksgruppene ble det født gjennonisnitlig 1,2 valper pr. dyr. Tilsvarende tall i kon-trollgruppa var 9,5 valper. Det var en signifikant overvekt av hann-valper i forsøksgruppene. Misdannelser og defekter i form av ufull-stendig ossifikasjon av hodeknoklene, ganespalte, hydrocephalus internus og hydrocephalus eksternus ble registrert hos forsøksdyrene. Ulike mindre defekter som overtallige/undertallige ribben ble obser-vert i forsøksgruppene. Kongenital alopeci, hypoplastiske nyrer og hydronefrose ble registrert hos alle valpene i en forsøksgruppe. Ingen signifikant forskjell mellom gruppene ble registrert med hensyn til vekten av hjernen, cerebellum eller forholdet mellom cerebellum- og hjernevekt. Histologiske undersøkelser viste hypoplasi av granular-og molekularlaget i lillehjernebarken.
References
Aamdahl, J. & J. A. Fougner: Fruktbarhet i blårevavlen (Fertility in the blue fox). Nord. Vet.-Med. 1973, 25, 504–508.
Berge, G.: Behandling av skabb hos blarev (Treatment of mange in the blue fox). Norsk Vet.-T. 1981, 93, 6.
Baker, B. B., A. A. Stannard, S. G. Yaskulski & D. C. Hirsh: Evaluation of topical application of Ronnel solution for generalized demo-dicosis in dogs. J. Amer. vet. med. Ass. 1976, 168, 1105–1107.
Burch, G. R. & D. C. Brinkman: Systemic insecticide therapy in small animals. Small Anim. Clin. 1962, 2, 21–27.
Bolske, G., T. Kronevi & N. O. Lindgren: Congenital tremor in pigs in Sweden. Nord. Vet.-Med. 1978, 30, 534–537.
Christiansen, I. J.: Reproduction og reproduktionsproblemer hos raev (Reproduction and reproductive problems in the fox). Dansk Vet.-T. 1979, 62, 670–680.
Dawson, A. B.: A note on the staining of the skeleton of cleared specimens with Alizarin Red S. Stain Technol. 1926, 1, 123–124.
Fatzer, R., H. Hani & E. Scholl: Kongenitaler Tremor und zerebellare Hypoplasie bei Ferkeln nach Behandlung der Mutterschweine mit Neguvon® wahrend der Trachtigkeit. (Congenital tremor and cerebellar hypoplasia in piglets after treatment of mothers with Neguvon® during pregnancy). Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilk. 1981, 123, 29–36.
Fougner, J. A.: Fosterdød has blårev (Embryonic death in the blue fox). Nord. Vet.-Med. 1972, 24, 25–31.
Gough, A. W., N. J. Barsoum, C. J. Difonzo, S. I. Gracon & J. M. Stur-gess: Comparison of the neonatal toxicity of two antiviral agents: Vidarabine phosphate and cytarabine. Toxicol, appl. Pharmacol. 1982, 66, 143–152.
Harding, J. D. J., J. T. Done & J. H. Derbyshire: Congenital tremors in piglets and their relation to swine fever. Vet. Rec. 1966, 79, 388–390.
Johansson, J.: Oestrus and mating in the silver fox. Ann. Agric. Coll. Sweden 1941, 9, 239–263.
Khera, K. S., C. Whalen & G. Angers: Teratogenicity study on pyre-thrins and rotenon and ronnel in pregnant rats. Teratology 1981, 23, 45–46.
Knox, B., J. Askaa, A. Basse, V. Bitsch, M. Eskildsen, M. Mandrup, H. E. Ottosen, E. Overby, K. B. Pedersen & F. Rasmussen: Congenital ataxia and tremor with cerebellar hypoplasia in piglets borne to sows treated with Neguvon® vet. during pregnancy. Nord. Vet.-Med. 1978, 30, 538–545.
Lawrence, W. A.: Dog tick control with an orally administered acari-cide. Mod. vet. Pract. 1960, 41, 70–71.
Schardein, J. L.: Drugs as Teratogens. CRC Press, Ins., Ohio, USA 1976, Ch. 3, p. 35.
Sele, K.: Parring og avlsresultater for blårev (Fertility in a blue fox farm). Norsk Pelsdyrbl. 1963, 37, 93–98.
Soli, N. E., R. A. Andersen, J. U. Skaare & A. Mikalsen: The effect of 0,0-dimethyl-0- (2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) phosphorothioate (fen-chlorphos) on cholinesterases in the blue fox (Alopex lagopus). Acta vet. scand. 1977, 18, 408–415.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
This work was supported by grants from the Norwegian Agricultural Research Council and The Norwegian Furbreederes Association.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Berge, G.N., Nafstad, I. Teratogenicity and Embryotoxicity of Orally Administered Fenchlorphos in Blue Foxes. Acta Vet Scand 24, 99–112 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03546761
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03546761