Phytochemical Investigation and Antimicrobial Potential of Medicinal Plant <i>Nepeta distans</i> Royle ex Benth

Alkahtani, Jawaher; Asma, Asma; Adil, Muhammad; Rashid, Abdur; Dawoud, Turki M.; Alsofi, Ahmed A.; Gawwad, Mohamed Ragab Abdel; Elshaer, Mohamed M. A.

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8386326

Journal of Food Quality

On this page

Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion Conclusion Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Special Issue

Biological Potential and Chemical Composition of Functional Food

View this Special Issue

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2022 | Article ID 8386326 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8386326

Phytochemical Investigation and Antimicrobial Potential of Medicinal Plant Nepeta distans Royle ex Benth

Jawaher Alkahtani,¹Asma Asma,²Muhammad Adil,²Abdur Rashid,³Turki M. Dawoud,¹Ahmed A. Alsofi,⁴Mohamed Ragab Abdel Gawwad,⁵and Mohamed M. A. Elshaer⁶

Academic Editor: Ali Akbar

Received19 Jun 2022

Accepted25 Jul 2022

Published17 Aug 2022

Abstract

Herbal medicines or natural products and plant extract may exhibit promising alternatives or supplements for chemotherapy and antibiotic therapy. The aim of the study is to evaluate the therapeutic value and phytoconstituents of the whole plant, Nepeta distans. The methanol extract contains four known compounds, namely, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, β-sitosterol, and stigmasterol. The structures of these compounds were confirmed with the help of NMR and mass spectrometry and by comparison with the available literature of these known compounds. The phytochemical analysis test confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, fats, proteins, and phytosterols. The antimicrobial activities were carried out by the agar well diffusion method. Both methanol extract and chloroform fraction showed significant antimicrobial activities.

1. Introduction

Since time unknown, medicinal plants are used for the treatment of different infections. The World Health Organization reports that various plant fractions and their dynamic constituents are utilized as traditional medicines by 80% of the world population [1–4]. Herbal medicines or natural products and plants extract may exhibit promising alternatives or supplements for chemotherapy and antibiotic therapy [5, 6]. Herbal medicines have astonishing potential such as high anticancer, antibacterial, antioxidant, and antifungal activities [7, 8]. Plants offer an inexhaustible source of bioactive compounds and clinically useful drugs for infectious diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular disorders [9–11]. Bioactive compounds play an important role in drug discovery [12]. However, the increasing antimicrobial resistance to the currently available antimicrobial agents demand intense investigations into the antimicrobial properties of the medicinal plants [13–15]. Regrettably, there has been limited pharmaceutical development of the plants with known bioactivity [16, 17]. There are few pharmaceutical products for infectious diseases that are of plant origin [18, 19]. To fulfill the healthcare needs in Germany and Europe, herbal preparation got more attention, and nearly 1400 herbal preparations are presently used as per European Union [20, 21]. The herbal preparation can also be utilized in various cosmetic industries (as antiwrinkling agents, skin tissue regenerators, and antiage creams) which can lead to an increase in the importance [22, 23].

The genus Nepeta (Lamiaceae) is a large family which comprises about 400 species, most of which grow in the wild in the central and southern parts of Europe, North Africa, and central and southern Asia. A lot of species of this genus are used in the folk medicine for the antiseptic and astringent properties as topical remedies in children’s cutaneous eruptions and snakes and scorpion bites; orally, they are utilized as antitussive, antispasmodic, antiasthmatic, febrifuge, and diuretic. Moreover, antibacterial, fungicidal, and antiviral activities have been attributed to Nepeta lactones and iridoids contained in several Nepeta species. Some endemic species in the southern Greece are utilized in traditional medicine. In particular, fresh leaves of some Nepeta species are chewed to alleviate toothache and a leaf alcoholic macerate is efficacious for treatment of contusions and rheumatic pains [24]. This genus is also reported to possess biological activities that help in reduction of serum lipids and possess anti-inflammatory, phytotoxic, platelet aggregation, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and antiglycation properties [25].

The aim of the present study is to screen out the bioactive fractions of Nepeta distans, for isolation of the targeted compounds in future.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Plant Collection

The plant Nepeta distans was collected from Darra Adam Khel district, Kohat (33.6945°N, 71.4959°E), Pakistan. The collected plants were then identified by a plant taxonomist at the Department of Chemical and Life Sciences, Qurtuba University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar. It was then cleaned, washed, and dried in the shade. A specimen voucher number (ND-001) was deposited in the herbarium of the same department.

2.2. Extraction, Fractionation, and Isolation

The whole plant of N. distans was grinded to a coarse powder. The powdered plant (2 Kg) was initially extracted with 20 L of 70% MeOH three times at room temperature. It was then filtered and methanol was evaporated under reduced pressure leaving behind a greenish, syrup residue that was dried and weighed. It was 100 g. This MeOH extract was then partitioned into various fractions through a separating funnel. It was partitioned into hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol, and water fractions successively. The methanol extract was then subjected to column chromatography which afforded compounds (1–4) from different subfractions at different polarities of the binary solvent system of chloroform/hexane and ethyl acetate/hexane.

2.3. Preliminary Phytochemical Qualitative Tests

Alkaloid, flavonoids, saponins, proteins, oils, and glycosides were tested in the crude extract of Nepeta distans using several qualitative tests [26–29].

2.4. Antimicrobial Activity

The antifungal and antimicrobial activities of the methanol extract and chloroform fraction of N. distans were conducted as per available method in the literature [30–34].

2.4.1. Antifungal Activity

Using the agar tube dilution method, the antifungal potential of the methanol extract and chloroform fraction of Nepeta distans was investigated. The stock solution was made with 24 mg extracts per ml (1.0 ml) of sterile DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide). The Sabouraud dextrose agar medium was made by using a magnetic stirrer to thoroughly dissolve 4.0 g of agar, 4 percent of glucose agar, and 32.5 g of Sabouraud in distilled water (500 ml) to form a homogenous slurry. 4 ml of SDA (Sabouraud dextrose agar) was autoclaved at 120°C for 15 minutes before being chilled to 15°C. When each test tube was injected (4 mm diameter) with fungal strains of 6-7 days old culture for non-mycelia development, an agar surface was created by mixing the stock solution with the nonsolidified SDA medium, and solidifying it in a tilted position, streak was formed. Positive and negative controls were preserved for treatment evaluation by employing DMSO and antifungal medications, respectively (amphotericin B). Subsequent to 7 days of incubation at 27°C, the fungal growth reserve was measured.

2.4.2. Antibacterial Activity

Using the well diffusion agar method, the antibacterial activity of methyl alcohol and chloroform extracts of Nepeta distans was investigated. Bacterial strains were activated by infusing the nutrient broth into the conical flasks and rearing the medium for 24 hours. The agar media was then transferred to Petri dishes containing the injected bacterial strains and solidified under the appropriate conditions. After the medium had solidified, the bores were made in the agar plate using a corkborer, and the extracts (50 l) were transferred to the bore and the plates were reared for 24 hours at 37°C. The results were expressed as the bacterial growth inhibition zone in millimeters. Amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin were employed as positive controls for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, respectively, and DMSO was utilized as the negative control retain for the purpose of determining the effect.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Isolation of Phytoconstituents

The methanol extract of N. distans was subjected to column chromatography and the afforded four compounds were oleanolic acid [35], ursolic acid [36], β-sitosterol [37], and stigmasterol [37]. The structure of these compounds are given in Figure 1.

3.1.1. Spectral Data of Compound (1)

HR-EI-MS m/z: 456.2 [M]⁺. ¹H-NMR (CDCl_3, 400 MHz) (δ ppm) 0.88 (3H, each s, Me), 3.61 (1H, dd, J = 4.1, 9.91 Hz, H-3), 5.24 (1H, t, J = 3.45 Hz, H-12), 1.12, 1.04, 0.98, 0.97, 0.91. ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz) (δ ppm) 15.43 (q, C-25), 15.76 (q, C-24), 17.21 (q, C-26), 18.9 (t, C-6), 23.4 (t, C-16), 23.41 (t, C-11), 23.54 (q, C-30), 25.97 (q, C-27), 27.37 (t, C-2), 27.91 (t, C-15), 28.34 (q, C-23), 30.83 (s, C-20), 33.9 (t, C-21), 42.31 (s, C-14), 32.4 (t, C-22), 183.2 (s, C-28), 32.7 (t, C-7), 33.1 (q, C-29), 37.21 (s, C-10), 143.7 (S, C-13), 38.32 (t, C-1), 38.86 (s, C-4), 39.29 (s, C-8), 121.97 (d, C-12), 41.52 (d, C-18), 45.99 (t, C-19), 48.13 (d, C-9),55.43 (d, C-5), 46.47 (s, C-17), 79.12 (d, C-3).

3.1.2. Spectral Data of Compound (2)

EI-MS m/z (rel. int. %): 456 [M]⁺ (16), 55 (49), 119 (29), 248 (100), 300 (11), 203 (44), 207 (26), 133 (60), ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) (δ ppm) 0.80 (3H, J = 6.8 Hz, Me-29), 0.81 (3H, s, Me-24), 0.86 (3H, s, Me-26), 0.91 (3H, d, J = 6.6 Hz, Me-30), 5.11 (1H, m, H-12), 1.07 (3H, s, Me-23), 0.94 (3H, s, Me-25), 3.19 (1H, dd, J_{ax, ax} = 10.0 Hz, J_{ax, eq} = 4.5 Hz, H-3α), 1.20 (3H, s, Me-27). ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 125 MHz) (δ ppm) 15.4 (q, C-24), 138.7 (s, C-13), 15.9 (q, C-25), (t, C-23, C-30), 125.8 (d, C-12), 22.4 (q, C-29),79.1 (d, C-3), 52.4 (s, C-5), 23.5 (t, C-16), 55.2 (d, C-18), 24.0, 23.9 (t, C-11), 27.4 (t, C-2), 17.2 (q, C-26), 18.3 (t, C-6), 24.5 (q, C-27), 29.4 (t, C-15), 47.9 (s, C-17), 30.5 (d, C-19), 47.4 (d, C-9), 39.6 (s, C-8), 42.0 (s, C-14), 37.0 (t, C-22), 38.5 (t, C-1), 37.1 (s, C-10), 33.2 (t, C-7), 30.3 (d, C-20), 27.5 (t, C-21), 176.2 (s, C-28).

3.1.3. Spectral Data of Compound (3)

EI-MS: m/z: 414 [M]⁺, 371, 138, 329, 273, 315 and 222. HR-EI-MS: m/z: 414.3857 (C₂₉H₅₀O, 414.3861). ¹H-NMR: (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) (δ ppm) 0.66 (3H, s, H-18), 0.78 (3H, d, J = 6.0 Hz, H-27), 0.81 (3H, d, J = 6.2 Hz, H-26), 0.98 (3H, s, H-19), 3.35 (1H, m, H-3), 0.82 (3H, t, J = 7.5 Hz, H-29), 0.90 (3H, d, J = 6.5 Hz, H-21), 5.32 (1H, br. s, H-6). ¹³C-NMR: (CDCl_3, 125 MHz) (δ ppm) 11.8 (C-18), 121.3 (C-6), 142.0 (C-5), 26.2 (C-16), 70.3 (C-3), 56.9 (C-14), 56.7 (C-17), 34.0 (C-22), 50.3 (C-9), 32.1 (C-8), 49.0 (C-24), 42.3 (C-13), 39.9 (C-12), 40.2 (C-4), 37.3 (C-1), 37.1 (C-10), 31.6 (C-7), 28.9 (C-23, C-25), 28.6 (C-2), 22.8 (C-28), 25.3 (C-15), 20.1 (C-26), 21.1 (C-11), 19.1 (C-19), 19.3 (C-27), 18.6 (C-210), 12.0 (C-29).

3.1.4. Spectral Data of Compound (4)

HR-EI-MS m/z: 412.3920. Calcd. for C₂₉H₄₈O, 412.3926 EI-MS (rel. int. %) m/z: M⁺ 412 (7), 270 (22), 379 (28), 394 (20), 397 (12), 273 (30), 327 (60), 300 (67), 369 (35), 351 (70), 301 (18). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) (δ ppm) 0.65 (3H, s, Me-18), 0.80 (3H, s, Me-19), 0.81 (3H, d, J = 6.5 Hz, Me-27), 0.84 (3H, t, J = 7.0 Hz, Me-29), 0.90 (3H, d, J = 6.5 Hz, Me-21), 5.33 (1H, m, H-6), 5.02 (1H, m, H-3), 5.15 (1H, dd, J = 15.1, 8.4 Hz, H-22), 0.83 (1H, d, J = 6.6 Hz, Me-26), ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz) (δ ppm) 12.0 (C-29), 129.4 (C-23), 19.4 (C-19), 21.0 (C-11), 31.8(C-2), 32.0 (C-25), 42.4(C-13), C-24), 39.7, 25.4 (C-28), 24.4 (C-15), 121.7 (C-6), 51.3 ((C-12), 71.9 (C-3), 28.9 (C-16), 40.5 (C-20), 50.3 (C-9), 42.2 (C-4), 32.2 (C-8), 21.2 (C-27), 57.0 (C-14), 56.0 (C-17), 36.6 (C-10), 37.4 (C-1), 31.9 (C-7), 21.1 (C-21), 19.0 (C-26), 138.4 (C-22), 12.4 (C-18), and 140.9 (C-5).

3.2. Antimicrobial Activities

3.2.1. Antibacterial Potential

The result of the antibacterial activity shows that methanol extract of Nepeta distans shows the maximum region of inhibition (33 mm) against Klebsiella pneumoniae at 300 mg/ml, while the lowest inhibition of 22.5 mm was shown against Escherichia coli at 100 mg/ml (Table 1). Similarly, the chloroform extract of Nepeta distans showed the highest zone of inhibition (30 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus 300 mg/ml, while the lowest zone of inhibition (21 mm) was shown against E. coli at 100 mg/ml (Table 1). The methanol extract showed the lowest MIC values (2 μg/ml) against E. coli and pathovar, and the chloroform extract showed the lowest MIC values (2 μg/ml) against S. aureus (Table 2).The MIC values are shown in Table 2.

3.2.2. Antifungal Activity

The result of the antifungal activity show that methanol extract of Nepeta distans show the highest zone of inhibition (35 mm) at 300 mg/ml, while the lowest zone of inhibition (22.5 mm) was shown by Fusarium solani at 100 mg/ml (Table 3). Similarly, the chloroform extract of the Nepeta distans showed the highest zone of inhibition (31 mm) against Penicillium chrysogenum at 300 mg/ml, while the lowest zone of inhibition (23 mm) was shown by Fusarium solani at 100 mg/ml (Table 3). The methanol extract showed the lowest MIC values (2 μg/ml) against Aspergillus niger, and the chloroform extract showed the lowest MIC values (2 μg/ml) against Aspergillus tamarii. Both the methanol extract and the chloroform fraction showed moderate activities against Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus at all three concentrations (Table 4). The MIC values are displayed in Table 4.

3.3. Phytochemical Screening

Phytochemical screening showed that both methanol extract and chloroform fraction showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, proteins, and oil (Table 5).

Screening the crude extract for phytochemical analysis is an imperative means for finding the secondary metabolites that exist in the medicinal plant because these phytochemicals are counted responsible for therapeutic application. These phytochemicals responsible for that it has been reported that saponins are among the most important compounds responsible for antidiabetic, antispasmodic, antitumor, anthelmintic, antimicrobial, phytotoxic, cytotoxic, and antioxidant potential [38].

Nepeta distans is a rich source for natural products; many constituents isolated and reported in literature are β-sitosterol, eugenol, ursolic acid, thymoquinone, oleanolic acid, nepedinol, netidiol, markhamioside F, and nepatanol [39].

A study confirmed that the genus Nepeta species is an important source of nutrients and showed immunomodulatory potential. Nepeta is multiregional genus and a variety of compounds are reported from it in literature, such as β-amyrin, glutinol, stigmasterol glucoside, 9β, 10α-cleroda-3, 13 (16),14-trien-18-oic, 5, 4′-dihydroxy-3, 6, 7-trimethoxyflavone, (−)-6β-hydroxy-15, 16-epoxy-5β, 8β ,and stigmasterol [40–42]. The isolation and characterization of the compounds 1–4 from Nepeta distans are in complete agreement with the findings of [40–42]. Similarly, many species of the genus Nepeta are used traditionally in folklore medicine for the treatment of liver and kidney problems, to treat dysentery and teeth problems, and are used as sedative agents and stimulants, and they are also used as febrifuge, antiasthmatic, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, and diuretic.

Essential oil and crude extracts of Nepeta genus have showed antimicrobial potential, significant antiglycation activity, anti-inflammatory potential, and serum lipids reduction potential [43]. Our findings of antimicrobial potential of Nepeta dastans are again completely in agreement with the published literature [43]. Another published research showed that the Nepeta species possessed multibiological potentials such as antidiabetic, acetylcholinesterase inhibitory, antiatherosclerotic, analgesic, anti-ociceptive, antimalarial, antileishmanial, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anthelmintic, antiglycation, antiplatelet aggregation, cardioprotective effect, cytotoxic, anticancer and apoptotic, genotoxic, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, insecticidal and insect repellent, trypanocidal, phytotoxic, nematocidal, dyslipidemia, and larvicidal [44].

4. Conclusion

The present study shows that Nepeta distans possess bioactive phytochemicals such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins , and its methanol extract and chloroform fraction showed antimicrobial potential. The published literature showed multiple biological activities of Nepeta species. Therefore, it is highly recommended to explore Nepeta distans for more phytochemical as well as biological investigation.

Data Availability

The data used to support this study are included within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

The authors extend their appreciation to the researchers supporting the project number (RSP-2021/197), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

References

A. Shahat, R. Ullah, A. S. Alqahtani, M. S. Alsaid, H. A. Husseiny, and O. T. R. A. Meanazel, “Hepatoprotective effect of Eriobotrya japonica leaf extract and its various fractions against carbon tetra chloride induced hepatotoxicity in rats,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2018, Article ID 3782768, 8 pages, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. S. Alqahtani, R. Ullah, and A. A. Shahat, “Bioactive constituents and toxicological evaluation of selected antidiabetic medicinal plants of Saudi Arabia,” Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2022, Article ID 7123521, 22 pages, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Ullah, A. S. Alqahtani, O. M. Noman, A. M. Alqahtani, and S. IbenmoussaM. Bourhia, “A review on ethno-medicinal plants used in traditional medicine in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,” Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, vol. 27, no. 10, pp. 2706–2718, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Mussarat, R. Amber, A. Tariq et al., Ethnopharmacological Assessment of Medicinal Plants Used against Livestock Infections by the People Living Around Indus River, BioMed Research International, New York City, USA, 2014.
A. Abbaszadegan, M. Nabavizadeh, A. Gholami et al., “Chemical constituent and antimicrobial effect of essential oil from Myrtus communis leaves on microorganisms involved in persistent endodontic infection compared to two common endodontic irrigants: an in vitro study,” Journal of Conservative Dentistry, vol. 17, no. 5, p. 449, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Omidifar, A. Nili-Ahmadabadi, A. Gholami, D. Dastan, D. Ahmadimoghaddam, and H. Nili-Ahmadabadi, “Biochemical and histological evidence on the protective effects of Allium hirtifolium boiss (Persian shallot) as an herbal supplement in cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity,” Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2020, pp. 1–8, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Abbaszadegan, A. Gholami, Y. Ghahramani et al., “Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of cuminum cyminum as an intracanal medicament compared to chlorhexidine gel,” Iranian Endodontic Journal, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 44–50, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Omidifar, A. Nili-Ahmadabadi, A. Nakhostin-Ansari et al., “The modulatory potential of herbal antioxidants against oxidative stress and heavy metal pollution: plants against environmental oxidative stress,” Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 28, no. 44, pp. 61908–61918, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. J. Newman and G. M. Cragg, “Natural products as sources of new drugs from 1981 to 2014,” Journal of Natural Products, vol. 79, no. 3, pp. 629–661, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. G. Atanasov, B. Waltenberger, E. M. Pferschy-Wenzig et al., “Discovery and resupply of pharmacologically active plant-derived natural products: a review,” Biotechnology Advances, vol. 33, no. 8, pp. 1582–1614, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. L. Harvey, R. Edrada-Ebel, and R. J. Quinn, “The re-emergence of natural products for drug discovery in the genomics era,” Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 111–129, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. Mustafa, R. Arif, A. Atta, S. Sharif, and A. Jamil, “Bioactive compounds from medicinal plants and their importance in drug discovery in Pakistan,” Matrix Science Pharma (MSP), vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 17–26, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. Bodeker and C.-K. Ong, WHO Global Atlas of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2005.
K. Osemene, M. Ilori, A. Elujoba, and W. Erhun, “Developing a framework for ethnomedicine innovation system in Nigeria,” Nigerian Journal of Natural Products and Medicine, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 38–44, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. M. Bandaranayake, “Quality control, screening, toxicity, and regulation of herbal drugs,” Modern Phytomedicine, pp. 25–57, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. W. Martin and E. Ernst, “Herbal medicines for treatment of bacterial infections: a review of controlled clinical trials,” Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 241–246, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K.-J. Kim, X. Liu, T. Komabayashi, S.-I. Jeong, and S. Selli, “Natural products for infectious diseases,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2016, Article ID 9459047, 1 page, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. J. Balunas and A. D. Kinghorn, “Drug discovery from medicinal plants,” Life Sciences, vol. 78, no. 5, pp. 431–441, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. M. Jachak and A. Saklani, “Challenges and opportunities in drug discovery from plants,” Current Science, vol. 92, pp. 1251–1257, 2007.
View at: Google Scholar
F. Jamshidi-Kia, Z. Lorigooini, and H. Amini-Khoei, “Medicinal plants: past history and future perspective,” Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology, vol. 7, no. 1, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Ansari, “Overview of traditional systems of medicine in different continents,” Preparation of Phytopharmaceuticals for the Management of Disorders, Elsevier, Amsterdam, NL, Europe, 2021.
View at: Google Scholar
D. G. N. D. Gamage, R. M. Dharmadasa, D. C. Abeysinghe, R. G. S. Wijesekara, G. A. Prathapasinghe, and T. Someya, “Emerging herbal cosmetic production in Sri Lanka: identifying possible interventions for the development of the herbal cosmetic industry,” Scientific, vol. 2021, Article ID 6662404, 12 pages, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. B. S. Albuquerque, W. F. de Oliveira, P. M. dos Santos Silva, M. T. dos Santos Correia, J. F. Kennedy, and L. C. B. B. Coelho, “Skincare application of medicinal plant polysaccharides—a review,” Carbohydrate Polymers, vol. 277, Article ID 118824, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Hussain, N. U. Rehman, F. U. Khan et al., “Biological potential of Nepeta distans belonging to family labiatae,” International Journal of Toxicological and Pharmacological Research, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1–7, 2011.
View at: Google Scholar
H. Javid, J. Nargis, S. A. Gilani, A. Ghulam, and A. andSagheer, African Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 935–940, 2009.
W. Khan, S. Subhan, D. F. Shams et al., Antioxidant Potential, Phytochemicals Composition, and Metal Contents of Datura Alba, BioMed research international, New York City, USA, 2019.
I. P. Ogbuewu, Physiological Responses of Rabbits Fed Graded Levels of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Leaf Meal, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria, 2008.
M. M. Kumar, S. R. Vilas, M. Goojar, N. Prajapat, and K. Pathak, “Anti-fungal potential of leave extracts of Murraya koenigii,” International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy (IJRAP), vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 549–552, 2010.
View at: Google Scholar
G. E. Trease and W. C. Evans, “Pharmacognosy,” English Language Book, Society, Baillere Tindall, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 13th edition, 1989.
View at: Google Scholar
R. Ullah and A. S. Alqahtani, “GC-MS analysis, heavy metals, biological, and toxicological evaluation of Reseda muricata and Marrubium vulgare methanol extracts,” Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2022, Article ID 2284328, 9 pages, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Mahesh and S. Satish, “Antimicrobial activity of some important medicinal plant against plant and human pathogens,” World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 4, pp. 839–843, 2008.
View at: Google Scholar
C. F. Bagamboula, M. Uyttendaele, and J. Debevere, “Antimicrobial effect of spices and herbs on Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri,” Journal of Food Protection, vol. 66, no. 4, pp. 668–673, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Dall’Agnol, A. Ferraz, A. P. Bernardi et al., “Antimicrobial activity of some Hypericum species,” Phytomedicine, vol. 10, no. 6-7, pp. 511–516, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Al-Fatimi, M. Wurster, G. Schroder, and U. Lindequist, “Antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of selected medicinal plants from Yemen,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 111, no. 3, pp. 657–666, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Ikuta and H. Itokawa, “Triterpenoids of Paeonia japonica callus tissue,” Phytochemistry, vol. 27, no. 9, pp. 2813–2815, 1988.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. D. S. Barreto, M. G. D. Carvalho, I. D. A. Nery, L. Gonzaga, and M. A. C. Kaplan, “Chemical constituents from Himatanthus articulata,” Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 430–434, 1998.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. R. Habib, F. Nikkon, M. Rahman, M. E. Haque, and M. R. Karim, “Isolation of stigmasterol and beta-sitosterol from methanolic extract of root bark of Calotropis gigantea (Linn),” Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences: PJBS, vol. 10, no. 22, pp. 4174–4176, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Ali, A. A. K. Khalil, F. Khuda et al., “Phytochemical and biological screening of leaf, bark and fruit extracts from Ilex dipyrena wall,” Life, vol. 11, no. 8, p. 837, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Hussain, N. Bukhari, H. Hussain, N. U. Rehman, and S. M. Hussain, “Chemical constituents of Nepeta distans,” Natural Product Communications, vol. 5, Article ID 1934578X1000501, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Hussain, “Nutrient evaluation and elemental analysis of four selected medicinal plants of Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa, Pakistan,” Pakistan Journal of Botany, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 427–434, 2011.
View at: Google Scholar
R. Ullah, “Immunomodulatory activities of different crude fractions of Nepeta juncea,” Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, vol. 5, no. 26, pp. 6254–6256, 2011.
View at: Google Scholar
N. Jamila, R. Ullah, M. A. A. Alwahsh, S. Haider, K. C. Wong, and Z. Ullah, “Secondary metabolites from Nepeta juncea,” African Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 10, no. 77, pp. 17884–17886, 2011.
View at: Google Scholar
C. Formisano, D. Rigano, and F. Senatore, “Chemical constituents and biological activities of Nepeta species,” Chemistry and Biodiversity, vol. 8, no. 10, pp. 1783–1818, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Sharma, R. Cooper, G. Bhardwaj, and D. S. Cannoo, “The genus Nepeta: traditional uses, phytochemicals and pharmacological properties,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 268, Article ID 113679, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2022 Jawaher Alkahtani et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

1076

Downloads

604

Citations