Bioinformatic Analysis Identified Potentially Prognostic Long Noncoding RNAs and MicroRNAs for Gastric Cancer

Guo, Jiao; Liu, Yongda; Zhao, Ping

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6683136

BioMed Research International

On this page

Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Limitations Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2021 | Article ID 6683136 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6683136

Bioinformatic Analysis Identified Potentially Prognostic Long Noncoding RNAs and MicroRNAs for Gastric Cancer

Jiao Guo,¹Yongda Liu,¹and Ping Zhao¹

Academic Editor: Shibiao Wan

Received05 Oct 2020

Revised24 Jul 2021

Accepted26 Oct 2021

Published10 Dec 2021

Abstract

Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most common malignant tumor in the world. The present study was performed to discover the potential diagnostic and therapeutic long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) of GC. Data used in this study to identify differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) and miRNAs (DEmiRNAs) were obtained from 187 GC tissues and 32 adjacent nontumor tissues. The total clinical data on GC included 187 cases. The above data were from the TCGA database. RStudio/Bioconductor software was used to conduct univariate analysis, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox, and multivariate Cox proportional risk regression for the DElncRNAs and DEmiRNAs. Clinical information was analyzed through univariate and multivariate Cox analysis. Results: five lncRNAs (AC007785.3, AC079385.3, LINC00392, LINC01729, and U95743.1) and two miRNAs (hsa-miR-3174, hsa-miR-605) were proven to be independent prognostic indicators of GC. Results of the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that AC007785.3, AC079385.3, LINC01729, miR-3174, and miR-605 were significantly correlated with OS of GC. The target genes of AC079385.3, miR-3174, and miR-605 were obtained and clustered mainly on MAPK and cGMP-PKG signaling pathways. The clinical data showed that age and clinicopathologic stage were correlated with the prognosis of GC. Furthermore, AC007785.3 was associated with metastasis of GC, and miR-3174 was associated with the primary tumor condition of GC. We identified three lncRNAs (AC007785.3, AC079385.3, LINC01729), two miRNAs (miR-3174, miR-605), and clinical factors related to the pathogenesis and prognosis of GC. Our predicted results provide a possible entry point for the study of prognostic markers for GC.

1. Introduction

Gastric cancer (GC (GC: gastric cancer)) is the fifth most common malignant tumor globally (1). GC was estimated to account for 7.2% of all cancers in men and 4.1% in women in 2018. The prognosis for GC patients is poor due to the lack of effective early detection and recurrence biomarkers. Carcinoembryonic antigen, carbohydrate antigen (CA) 199, and CA724 are not ideal markers due to their relatively low sensitivity and specificity; although, they are the most commonly used (2). Therefore, more specific and sensitive novel markers for GC to establish screening strategies and individualized therapies for patients still need to be urgently identified.

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs (lncRNAs: long noncoding RNAs)) are a class of RNAs that are longer than 200 nucleotides but do not encode proteins. MicroRNAs (miRNAs (microRNAs; lncRNAs)) are a class of endogenous small 19–25 nucleotide noncoding RNAs that combine with the 3-UTR of target genes, leading to inhibition of translation or degradation of the target genes (3, 4). Since the discovery of lncRNAs and miRNAs, studies have emphasized the importance of their dysregulated expression in metastasis, development, and prognosis of various cancers, including GC (5–14). Several researchers have worked on discovering potential lncRNAs and miRNAs associated with the recurrence and survival time of GC patients, respectively, with data collected from individuals or from the public databases. H19, HOTAIR, CCAT1, GHET1, CDKN2B LSINCT-5, CUDR, LINC00152, and MALAT1 are considered to have oncogenic roles in GC, whereas GAS5, MEG3, BM742401, and FER1L4 might act as tumor suppressors. miR-1, miR-17-5p, miR-16, miR18a, miR-20a, miR-21, miR-25, miR-27a, miR-34a, miR-92a, miR-100, miR-103, miR-106a, miR-106b, miR-107, miR-146a, miR-148a, miR-192, miR-194, miR-196a, miR-199a-3p, miR-200c, miR-210, miR-221, miR-223, miR-376c, miR-378, miR-423-5p, miR-421, miR-451, miR-486-5p, miR-744, and miR-93 are upregulated in the circulation of GC patients. However, miR-195-5p, let-7a, miR-218, miR-375, and miR-122 are downregulated in the circulation (15).

The use of circulating molecular profiles as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of GC is still not recognized. On this basis, to exclude effects of chemoradiotherapy and individual differences in the published studies and to avoid the intervention of blood samples, we identified differentially expressed lncRNAs and miRNAs through bioinformatics analysis. In this study, we used data from the same patients’ tissues from the cancer genome atlas (TCGA (TCGA: The Cancer Genome Atlas)) data portal.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Data Preparation

The RNA information and clinical data used in this study were from the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) data portal (https://tcga-data.nci.nih.gov/tcga/). Therefore, approval from an ethics committee was not required. The inclusion criteria were set as follows: (1) samples with common and completed lncRNA, miRNA, and clinical data. (2) Patients had not received preoperative chemoradiotherapy. As a consequence, the data used to identify the differential expression of lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs in gastric cancer were obtained from 187 GC tissues and 32 adjacent nontumor tissues. The total clinical data on gastric cancer was obtained from the corresponding 187 patients.

2.2. Expression Profiling and Analysis of Differentially Expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs (DElncRNAs: Differentially Expressed lncRNAs)), Differentially Expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNAs (DEmiRNAs: Differentially Expressed miRNAs)), and Differentially Expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs)

Firstly, the RNA sequences were downloaded from the TCGA database, and information for each sample was added to a matrix to extract the lncRNA, miRNA, and mRNA expression data through Perl. Then, the /Bioconductor edge package was used to screen DElncRNAs, DEmiRNAs, and DEmRNAs with differential expression analysis. A and a were set as the selection criteria.

2.3. Statistical Analysis of DElncRNAs and DEmiRNAs

Univariate Cox regression analysis was first used to screen the DElncRNAs and DEmiRNAs associated with the prognosis of GC. Then, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression was performed to reduce the discreteness. A multivariate Cox proportional risk regression model was used to independently identify prognostic lncRNAs and miRNAs. Concordance index (C-index) and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC (ROC: receiver operating characteristic)) curves were taken to evaluate the model. GC patients in each dataset were divided into a high-risk group and a low-risk group according to the median cut-off points of risk. The survminer packages in the software were used to generate forest charts. The Kaplan-Meier survival curves were plotted based on the different risk scores and expression levels of the screened lncRNAs and miRNAs. The above analysis was carried out using the RStudio/Bioconductor. A value <0.05 was defined as a significant difference.

2.4. Statistical Analysis of Clinical Data

The clinical samples were first divided into two halves using the caret package. Using the RStudio/Bioconductor method, single- and multifactor Cox regression was performed in the training group using the survival package. The rms and survival packages were then used to generate nomogram and calibration graphs. The ROC curve was used to predict the accuracy of the model. The clinical data obtained from the training group were verified by calculating the C-index of the clinical data onto the test group. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve was used to predict the survival difference, and the effect of each clinical factor on the OS (OS: overall survival) of patients was evaluated. was defined as a significant difference.

2.5. Enrichment Analysis of Target Genes

Detailed information about the screened lncRNAs was further searched for (https://genome.ucsc.edu). The target miRNAs of the screened lncRNAs were identified with the miRcode (http://www.mircode.org) database. Possible downstream target genes of the obtained target miRNAs and the screened prognostic miRNAs, which appeared in at least two databases, were collected from the miRDB, miRTarBase, and TargetScan websites. Then, the possible lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA and miRNA-mRNA networks were drawn based on the competing endogenous RNA theory. The functions and related enrichment pathways to the possible target genes were analyzed using the DAVID tool (version 6.7, https://david.nciferf.gov/).

2.6. Validation of the Prognostic Performance of the Screened lncRNAs and miRNAs

The associations between the expression levels and clinical parameters of the screened lncRNAs and miRNAs were calculated with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (KS test). Besides, the expression levels of the lncRNAs between the GC tissues and normal tissues were verified in GSE53137 through Prism 8.0 (GraphPad, San Diego, CA, USA) using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. miRNAs were verified in GSE94315 and GSE78091 with the same method. value was two-sided, and a value <0.05 was set as the cut-off criterion for statistical significance.

3. Results

3.1. Identification of DElncRNAs, DEmiRNAs, and DEmRNAs

According to the inclusion criteria, data from 187 GC tissues and 32 adjacent nontumor tissues were obtained from the TCGA database. A total of 2865 DElncRNAs were identified, of which 2223 were overexpressed and 642 were downregulated. A total of 261 DEmiRNAs were obtained, 215 of which were upregulated and 46 were downregulated. A total of 4555 DEmRNAs were found, among which 2268 were upregulated and 2287 were downregulated.

3.2. Prognostic Performance of DElncRNAs and DEmiRNAs

Univariate Cox regression was performed for significant lncRNA and miRNA expression. The results showed 544 DElncRNAs and seven DEmiRNAs that were associated with OS of GC patients. Next, we used LASSO regression to further reduce the discrepant, and 35 DElncRNAs and 5 DEmiRNAs were screened. The multivariate Cox proportional risk regression model was used to verify the above results and identify independent prognostic factors. The results of the multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis are shown in Figure 1(a). The C-index of the model was 0.84. We found that five DElncRNAs (AC007785.3, AC079385.3, LINC00392, LINC01792, and U95743.1) and two DEmiRNAs (hsa-miR-3174 and hsa-miR-605) were statistically meaningful (Figure 1(b)). We also used time-dependent ROC curves to assess the prognostic ability of the screened biomarkers (Figures 1(c) and 1(d)). The AUCs (AUC: area under the ROC curve) of the prognostic model were 0.89 and 0.968 for the 3-year and 5-year OS, respectively, revealing high prognostic performance (Figure 1(e)). Then, three lncRNAs (AC007785.3, AC079385.3, and LINC01792) and two miRNAs (hsa-miR-3174 and hsa-miR-605) were proven to have meaningful survival curves (Figure 2).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

Figure 1

Statistical analysis results of DElncRNAs and DEmiRNAs. (a) The plot of DElncRNA and DEmiRNA regression coefficient diagram. (b) Forest map of DEGs. (c) The calibration plot for predicting patient 3-year survival. Nomogram-predicted probability of 3-year survival is plotted on the -axis; actual 3-year survival is plotted on the -axis. (d) The calibration plot for predicting patient 5-year survival. Nomogram-predicted probability of 5-year survival is plotted on the -axis; actual 5-year survival is plotted on the -axis. (e) AUC curves for 3-year and 5-year survival probability.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

3.3. Enrichment Analysis of the Screened Biomarkers

Among the three screened lncRNAs, only the target miRNAs of AC079385.3 were found in the miRcode database. Then, five miRNAs (miR-7, miR-133a, miR-133b, miR-203a, and miR-203b) were obtained by taking the intersection with the 261 DEmiRNAs in our study. Finally, 212 possible target genes of the five miRNAs were explored. The lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network is shown in Figure 3(a). At the same time, 31 and 129 possible target genes were obtained for the miRNAs. The miRNA-mRNA networks are shown in Figures 3(b) and 3(c). The functional analysis in Table 1 lists the top five results of the gene function analysis. The pathways to gene enrichment are shown in Table 2.

(a)

(b)

(c)

3.4. Clinical Data Mining

Clinical data on the 187 gastric cancer patients were taken for analysis, with 95 patients in the training group and 92 patients in the test group. The clinical features of the gastric cancer patients in the training group and test group are shown in Table 3. Multivariate Cox analysis was constructed after univariate Cox analysis, and the results are shown in Figure 4(a). Then, the nomogram with meaning was drawn, and the 3-year and 5-year survival calibration graph evaluation model was performed to evaluate the model as shown in Figures 4(b) and 4(c). The C-index of the multivariate model in the training group was 0.739, and AUCs were 0.75 and 0.776 for the 3-year and 5-year OS, respectively (Figure 4(d)). To fully assess the prediction ability of the model, the C-index of the test group was 0.718, revealing moderate prognostic accuracy. In addition, the survival diagram of the relevant clinical data is shown in Figures 4(e)–4(g).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

3.5. Validation of the Prognostic Performance of the Screened lncRNAs and miRNAs

The association between the screened lncRNAs and miRNAs and the clinical indicators were calculated with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. AC007785.3 was identified as being associated with metastasis of GC (), and miR-3174 was associated with the primary tumor condition of GC () (Figures 5(a) and 5(b)). Validation of the expression of the lncRNAs and miRNAs was conducted with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test of GSE53137, GSE93145, and GSE78091, respectively. The obtained results were in accordance with our results (Figures 6(a)–6(c)).

(a)

(b)

(a)

(b)

(c)

4. Discussion

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most aggressive and lethal tumors in the world. Efforts have been made to provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying GC development. Therefore, an indepth exploration of GC-related miRNAs and lncRNAs may provide clinicians with new targets for the treatment of this disease. Several integrated genetic studies have been conducted to elucidate the roles played by miRNAs and lncRNAs (16–19). In recent years, more and more reports have shown that the dysregulated expression of miRNAs and lncRNAs may be involved in tumor development, progression, metastasis (20–22), and prognosis (23–26). Some miRNAs and lncRNAs, such as miR-133a and lnc-FOXD2, have been proven to be useful biomarkers for the prognosis of GC patients (27, 28).

As described, to exclude effects of chemoradiotherapy and individual differences, we identified differentially expressed lncRNAs and miRNAs through bioinformatic analysis with the data of the same patient from the TCGA database in this study. Using univariate, LASSO, and multivariate Cox regression analyses and survival analyses based on 187 GC and 32 adjacent normal tissues, three lncRNAs (AC007785.3, AC079385.3, and LINC01729) and two miRNAs (miR-3174 and miR-605) were proven to be independent prognostic factors of GC patients.

Based on the competing endogenous RNA theory, target mRNAs of AC007785.3 (miR-3174 and miR-605) were found. Functional enrichment analysis of the target mRNAs showed that the genes clustered mainly in the plasma and play roles mainly through transcription processes. For pathway analyses, genes were associated mainly with cancer pathways and work through the calcium signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, cGMP-PKG signaling pathway, and focal adhesion. Among them, the MAPK and cGMP-PKG signaling pathways were identified as being active in both the early and advanced stages of tumorigenesis, survival, promoting tumor proliferation, and metastasis in various human tumors (29). Inhibiting these pathways is considered a primary goal for clinics that provide new target therapy directions for GC.

AC007785.3, AC079385.3, and LINC01729 are not well studied, not to mention in GC. However, this offers a new direction for treatment research of GC. As we discovered, the possible target miRNAs of AC007785.3 that were upregulated were miR-7 and miR-203b, and that were downregulated were miR-133a and miR-203a. Through differential expression analysis, AC007785.3 was shown to be upregulated in GC tissues. Considering the ceRNA theory, miR-133a and miR-203a deserve more attention. Current research has found that miR-133a could inhibit the proliferation of GC cells through targeting the expression of ERBB2, FOXP3, IGF1R, and presenilin 1 and blocking autophagy-mediated glutaminolysis (30–34). miR-203a was identified as a tumor suppressor by targeting IGFIR and E2F in GC (35). Therefore, AC007785.3 might act as a ceRNA in GC.

miR-3174 and miR-605 were also identified as prognostic factors of GC. Among them, miR-3174 was highly expressed and proved to be a protective factor in our study, which was opposite to the research results of Li et al. Li et al. discovered that miR-3174 contributed to apoptosis and autophagy cell death defects in gastric cancer cells by targeting ARHGAP10 (36). This demonstrates that miR-3174 might play different roles in targeting different mRNAs. miR-605 was proven to be downregulated in GC tissues, playing carcinogenic roles in our study, which was not completely connected with current research results (37). Further research should be conducted to identify the role of miR-605 in GC.

Moreover, we also carried out an in-depth exploration of the clinical data in gastric cancer. According to the clinical data, the AUCs of the 3-year and 5-year ROC curves were 0.75 and 0.776, respectively, and the results of the disease-free survival calibration chart over 3 years were in good agreement with the results of the ideal model. Age and pathologic stage were proven to be directly connected with the prognosis of GC in our study. miR-3174 was connected with the primary tumor condition of GC.

To sum up, the biological functions of the three identified lncRNAs and miRNAs are not fully understood or elucidated in gastric cancer. However, some molecular biomarkers can predict the 5-year survival rate of patients with gastric cancer, which may become a new prognostic indicator for predicting clinical efficacy. MAPK and cGMP-PKG signaling pathways might be new target therapy directions for GC. The roles of these genes are worthy of further study because of their close association with the prognosis, especially in gastric cancer. More studies are needed in the future to verify these findings.

5. Limitations

This study has some limitations. Firstly, the ethnic sources of the TCGA data population are mainly limited to Caucasian and Negroid people, and inference cannot be made about other ethnicities. Secondly, in vitro and in vivo studies on these biomarkers in gastric cancer cell lines and animal models, respectively, have not been conducted. Therefore, further experimental studies are needed to strengthen the understanding of the mechanisms underlying the involvement of these markers in the prognosis of gastric cancer.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (No. 81671311, No. 81870838), the Key Research and Development Program of Liaoning Province (No. 2018225004), and the Outstanding Scientific Fund of Shengjing Hospital (No. 201708).

References

J. Ferlay, I. Soerjomataram, R. Dikshit et al., “Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012,” International Journal of Cancer, vol. 136, no. 5, pp. E359–E386, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. K. Huang and J. C. Yu, “Circulating microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs in gastric cancer diagnosis: an update and review,” World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 21, no. 34, pp. 9863–9886, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Jens and N. Rajewsky, “Competition between target sites of regulators shapes post-transcriptional gene regulation,” Nature Reviews. Genetics, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 113–126, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. van Kouwenhove, M. Kedde, and R. Agami, “MicroRNA regulation by RNA-binding proteins and its implications for cancer,” Nature Reviews. Cancer, vol. 11, no. 9, pp. 644–656, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. di Ruocco, V. Basso, M. Rivoire et al., “Alu RNA accumulation induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition by modulating miR-566 and is associated with cancer progression,” Oncogene, vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 627–637, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Dong, J. Hu, K. Zou et al., “Activation of LncRNA TINCR by H3K27 acetylation promotes Trastuzumab resistance and epithelial-mesenchymal transition by targeting MicroRNA-125b in breast Cancer,” Molecular Cancer, vol. 18, no. 1, p. 3, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. Ge, G. Y. Li, L. Jiang et al., “Long noncoding RNA CAR10 promotes lung adenocarcinoma metastasis via miR-203/30/SNAI axis,” Oncogene, vol. 38, no. 16, pp. 3061–3076, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Guo, C. D. Zhang, J. X. An et al., “Expression of miR-634 in gastric carcinoma and its effects on proliferation, migration, and invasion of gastric cancer cells,” Cancer Medicine, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 776–787, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. R. Lulla, M. J. Slifker, Y. Zhou et al., “miR-6883 family miRNAs target CDK4/6 to induce G1Phase cell-cycle arrest in colon cancer cells,” Cancer Research, vol. 77, no. 24, pp. 6902–6913, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Wu, J. Chen, D. Li, X. Liu, L. Li, and K. Wang, “MicroRNA-30e functions as a tumor suppressor in cervical carcinoma cells through targeting GALNT7,” Translational Oncology, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 876–885, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Xu, X. Chen, K. Lin et al., “lncRNA SNHG6 regulates EZH2 expression by sponging miR-26a/b and miR-214 in colorectal cancer,” Journal of Hematology & Oncology, vol. 12, no. 1, p. 3, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Q. F. Zuo, L. Y. Cao, T. Yu et al., “MicroRNA-22 inhibits tumor growth and metastasis in gastric cancer by directly targeting MMP14 and snail,” Cell Death & Disease, vol. 6, no. 11, p. e2000, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Yan, J. Tian, W. Shi, H. Xia, and Y. Zhu, “LncRNA SNHG6 is associated with poor prognosis of gastric cancer and promotes cell proliferation and EMT through epigenetically silencing p27 and sponging miR-101-3p,” Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 999–1012, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Wang, Y. Sun, W. Yu et al., “Downregulation of miRNA-214 in cancer-associated fibroblasts contributes to migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells through targeting FGF9 and inducing EMT,” Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research: CR., vol. 38, no. 1, p. 20, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Kanda and Y. Kodera, “Recent advances in the molecular diagnostics of gastric cancer,” World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 21, no. 34, pp. 9838–9852, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Analytical Biological Services et al., “Integrated genomic and molecular characterization of cervical cancer,” Nature, vol. 543, no. 7645, pp. 378–384, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Li, X. Hao, and Y. Song, “Identification of the key microRNAs and the miRNA-mRNA regulatory pathways in prostate cancer by bioinformatics methods,” BioMed Research International, vol. 2018, Article ID 6204128, 10 pages, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Mou, D. Zhu, X. Wei et al., “Identification and interaction analysis of key genes and microRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma by bioinformatics analysis,” World Journal of Surgical Oncology, vol. 15, no. 1, p. 63, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Wang, R. Xie, H. Si, and B. Shen, “Integrated bioinformatics analysis of miRNA expression in osteosarcoma,” Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology., vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 936–943, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Xiao, C. Li, and B. Chai, “miRNA-144 suppresses proliferation and migration of colorectal cancer cells through _GSPT1,” Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, vol. 74, pp. 138–144, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. Z. Yang, T. T. Cheng, Q. J. He et al., “LINC01133 as ceRNA inhibits gastric cancer progression by sponging miR-106a-3p to regulate APC expression and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway,” Molecular Cancer, vol. 17, no. 1, p. 126, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Zheng, J. Liang, J. Lu et al., “Genome-wide long non-coding RNAs identified a panel of novel plasma biomarkers for gastric cancer diagnosis,” Gastric Cancer, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 731–741, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. L. Gagez, I. Duroux-Richard, S. Leprêtre et al., “miR-125b and miR-532-3p predict the efficiency of rituximab-mediated lymphodepletion in chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. A French innovative leukemia organization study,” Haematologica, vol. 102, no. 4, pp. 746–754, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Liu, R. X. Cui, Y. Sun et al., “A four-miRNA signature identified from genome-wide serum miRNA profiling predicts survival in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma,” International Journal of Cancer, vol. 134, no. 6, pp. 1359–1368, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Sha, A. M. Lee, Q. Shi et al., “Association study of the let-7 miRNA-complementary site variant in the 3' untranslated region of the KRAS gene in stage III colon cancer (NCCTG N0147 clinical trial),” Clinical Cancer Research, vol. 20, no. 12, pp. 3319–3327, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Z. Wang and B. Qin, “Prognostic and clinicopathological significance of long noncoding RNA CTD-2510F5.4 in gastric cancer,” Gastric Cancer, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 692–704, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Fujiwara, T. Katsuda, K. Hagiwara et al., “Clinical relevance and therapeutic significance of microRNA-133a expression profiles and functions in malignant osteosarcoma-initiating cells,” Stem Cells, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 959–973, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. P. Xu, W. Y. Wang, P. Ma et al., “Upregulation of the long noncoding RNA _FOXD2-AS1_ promotes carcinogenesis by epigenetically silencing EphB3 through EZH2 and LSD1, and predicts poor prognosis in gastric cancer,” Oncogene, vol. 37, no. 36, pp. 5020–5036, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Hindley and K. Kolch, “Extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK)-independent functions of Raf kinases,” Journal of Cell Science, vol. 115, no. 8, pp. 1575–1581, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. B. Chen, W. Li, and A. X. Chu, “Retracted: microRNA-133a inhibits gastric cancer cells growth, migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition process by targeting presenilin 1,” Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, vol. 120, no. 1, pp. 470–480, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Gong, J. Ren, K. Liu, and L. M. Tang, “Tumor suppressor role of miR-133a in gastric cancer by repressing IGF1R,” World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 21, no. 10, pp. 2949–2958, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Li, X. Li, S. Gao, C. Li, and L. Ma, “MicroRNA-133a inhibits proliferation of gastric cancer cells by downregulating ERBB2 expression,” Oncology Research, vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 1169–1176, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. P. Li, H. M. Zhang, M. J. Liu et al., “miR-133a-3p/FOXP3 axis regulates cell proliferation and autophagy in gastric cancer,” Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, vol. 121, no. 5-6, pp. 3392–3405, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. Zhang, Z. Li, Z. Xuan et al., “Novel role of miR-133a-3p in repressing gastric cancer growth and metastasis via blocking autophagy-mediated glutaminolysis,” Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research: CR., vol. 37, no. 1, p. 320, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Yang, L. Wang, X. Tang, and W. Bai, “miR-203a suppresses cell proliferation by targeting E2F transcription factor 3 in human gastric cancer,” Oncology Letters, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 7687–7690, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Li, L. Wang, Z. Li et al., “miR-3174 contributes to apoptosis and autophagic cell death defects in gastric cancer cells by targeting ARHGAP10,” Molecular Therapy--Nucleic Acids, vol. 9, pp. 294–311, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Moazeni-Roodi, S. Ghavami, and M. Hashemi, “Lack of association between miR-605 rs2043556 polymorphism and overall cancer risk: a meta-analysis of case-control studies,” MicroRNA., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 94–100, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2021 Jiao Guo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

235

Downloads

888

Citations