Strategies to Mitigate Peanut Allergy: Production, Processing, Utilization, and Immunotherapy Considerations

Literature Cited

1. Aiking H. 2011. Future protein supply. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 22:112–20 [Google Scholar]
2. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Nutrition 2000. Hypoallergenic infant formulas. Pediatrics 106346–49
3. American Peanut Council 2011. Fast facts about peanuts. In (homepage of) The American Peanut Council. Alexandria, VA: Am. Peanut Counc http://www.peanutsusa.com/MainMenu/About-Peanuts/Peanut-History/Fast-Facts.html. Accessed on April 25, 2013 [Google Scholar]
4. Anagnostou K, Clark A, King Y, Islam S, Deighton J, Ewan P. 2011. Efficacy and safety of high-dose peanut oral immunotherapy with factors predicting outcome. Clin. Exp. Allergy 41:91273–81 [Google Scholar]
5. Astwood JD, Leach JN, Fuchs RL. 1996. Stability of food allergens to digestion in vitro. Nat. Biotechnol. 14:101269–73 [Google Scholar]
6. Baker GL, Cornell JA, Gorbet DW, O'Keefe SF, Sims CA, Talcott ST. 2003. Determination of pyrazine and flavor variations in peanut genotypes during roasting. J. Food Sci. 68:1394–400 [Google Scholar]
7. Beyer KB, Morrow E, Li XM, Bardina L, Bannon GA. et al. 2001. Effects of cooking methods on peanut allergenicity. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 107:61077–81 [Google Scholar]
8. Blanc F, Vissers YM, Adel-Patient K, Rigby NM, Mackie AR. et al. 2011. Boiling peanut Ara h 1 results in the formation of aggregates with reduced allergenicity. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 55:121887–94 [Google Scholar]
9. Blumchen K, Ulbricht H, Staden U, Dobberstein K, Beschorner J. et al. 2010. Oral peanut immunotherapy in children with peanut anaphylaxis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 126:183–91 [Google Scholar]
10. Breiteneder H, Radauer C. 2004. A classification of plant food allergens. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 113:5821–30 [Google Scholar]
11. Brough HA, Santos AF, Makinson K, Penagos M, Stephens AC. et al. 2013. Peanut protein in household dust is related to household peanut consumption and is biologically active. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 132:3630–38 [Google Scholar]
12. Burk C, Kulis M, Kamilaris N, Chin S, Burks AW. 2012. Plasma from subjects on peanut oral immunotherapy (OIT) supresses ex vivo basophil activation in peanut-allergic subjects. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 129:2AB65 (Abstr.) [Google Scholar]
13. Burks AW. 2008. Peanut allergy. Lancet 371:1538–46 [Google Scholar]
14. Burks AW, Vickery BP, Scurlock AM, Steele P. 2012. Development of clinical tolerance after peanut OIT. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 129:2AB66 (Abstr.) [Google Scholar]
15. Burks AW, Williams LW, Connaughton C, Cockrell G, O'Brien TJ, Helm RM. 1992. Identification and characterization of a second major peanut allergen, Ara h II, with use of the sera of patients with atopic dermatitis and positive peanut challenge. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 90:6, Pt. 1962–69 [Google Scholar]
16. Burks AW, Williams LW, Helm RM, Connaughton C, Cockrell G, O'Brien T. 1991. Identification of a major peanut allergen, Ara h I, in patients with atopic dermatitis and positive peanut challenges. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 88:172–79 [Google Scholar]
17. Cabanillas B, Maleki SJ, Rodriguez J, Burbano C, Muzquiz M. et al. 2012a. Heat and pressure treatments effects on peanut allergenicity. Food Chem. 132:1360–66 [Google Scholar]
18. Cabanillas B, Pedrosa MM, Rodriguez J, Muzquiz M, Maleki SJ. et al. 2012b. Influence of enzymatic hydrolysis on the allergenicity of roasted peanut protein extract. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 157:41–50 [Google Scholar]
19. Chassaigne H, Norgaard JV, van Hengel AJ. 2007. Proteomics-based approach to detect and identify major allergens in processed peanuts by capillary LC-Q-TOF (MS/MS). J. Agric. Food Chem. 55:4461–73 [Google Scholar]
20. Chu Y, Faustinelli P, Ramos ML, Hajduch M, Stevenson S. et al. 2008. Reduction of IgE binding and nonpromotion of Aspergillus flavus fungal growth by simultaneously silencing Ara h 2 and Ara h 6 in peanut. J. Agric. Food Chem. 56:2311225–33 [Google Scholar]
21. Chung SY, Butts CL, Maleki SJ, Champagne ET. 2003. Linking peanut allergenicity to the process of maturation, curing, and roasting. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51:154273–77 [Google Scholar]
22. Chung SY, Champagne ET. 2009. Reducing the allergenic capacity of peanut extracts and liquid peanut butter by phenolic compounds. Food Chem. 115:1345–49 [Google Scholar]
23. Chung SY, Kato Y, Champagne ET. 2005. Polyphenol oxidase/caffeic acid may reduce the allergenic properties of peanut allergens. J. Sci. Food Agric. 85:152631–37 [Google Scholar]
24. Chung SY, Maleki SJ, Champagne ET. 2004. Allergenic properties of roasted peanut allergens may be reduced by peroxidase. J. Agric. Food Chem. 52:144541–45 [Google Scholar]
25. Chung SY, Yang W, Krishnamurthy K. 2008. Effects of pulsed UV-light on peanut allergens in extracts and liquid peanut butter. J. Food Sci. 73:5C400–4 [Google Scholar]
26. Ciliberto MA, Sandige H, Ndekha MJ, Ashorn P, Briend A. et al. 2005. Comparison of home-based therapy with ready-to-use therapeutic food with standard therapy in the treatment of malnourished Malawian children: a controlled, clinical effectiveness trial. J. Clin. Nutr. 81:4864–70 [Google Scholar]
27. Clark AT, Islam S, King Y, Deighton J, Anagnostou K, Ewan PW. 2009. Successful oral tolerance induction in severe peanut allergy. Allergy 64:81218–20 [Google Scholar]
28. Constanza KE, White BL, Davis JP, Sanders TH, Dean LL. 2012. Value-added processing of peanut skins: antioxidant capacity, total phenolics, and procyanidin content of spray-dried extracts. J. Agric. Food Chem. 60:10776–83 [Google Scholar]
29. Crevel RWR, Kerkhoff MAT, Koning MMG 2000. Allergenicity of refined vegetable oils. Food Chem. Toxicol. 38:4385–93 [Google Scholar]
30. DBV Technologies 2013. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial to study the Viaskin Peanut's efficacy and safety for treating peanut allergy in children and adults NLM ID NCT01675882. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01675882
31. Dean LL, Hendrix KW, Holbrook CC, Sanders TH. 2009. Content of some nutrients in the core of the core of the peanut germplasm collection. Peanut Sci. 36:2104–20 [Google Scholar]
32. Dodo H, Konan K, Viquez O. 2005. A genetic engineering strategy to eliminate peanut allergy. Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep. 5:167–73 [Google Scholar]
33. Dodo HW, Konan KN, Chen FC, Egnin M, Viquez OM. 2008. Alleviating peanut allergy using genetic engineering: the silencing of the immunodominant allergen Ara h 2 leads to its significant reduction and a decrease in peanut allergenicity. Plant Biotechnol. J. 6:2135–45 [Google Scholar]
34. Dupont C, Kalach N, Soulaines P, Legoue-Morrillon S, Piloquet H, Benhamou PH. 2010. Cow's milk epicutaneous immunotherapy in children: a pilot trial of safety, acceptability, and impact on allergic reactivity. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 125:1165–67 [Google Scholar]
35. Du Toit G, Katz Y, Sasieni P, Mesher D, Maleki SJ. et al. 2008. Early consumption of peanuts in infancy is associated with a low prevalence of peanut allergy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 122:5984–91 [Google Scholar]
36. FDA 2004. Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act of 2004.
37. Fleischer DM, Burks AW, Vickery BP, Scurlock AM, Wood RA. et al. 2013a. Sublingual immunotherapy for peanut allergy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 131:1119–27e1–7 [Google Scholar]
38. Fleischer DM, Spergel JM, Assa'ad AH, Pongracic JA. 2013b. Primary prevention of allergic disease through nutritional interventions. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.: In Pract. 1:129–36 [Google Scholar]
39. Foegeding EA, Davis JP. 2011. Food protein functionality: a comprehensive approach. Food Hydrocoll. 25:81853–64 [Google Scholar]
40. Food Standards Agency 2006. Guidance on Allergen Management and Consumer Information - Best Practice Guidance on Managing Food Allergens with Particular Reference to Avoiding Cross-Contamination and Using Appropriate Advisory Labelling (e.g. ‘May Contain’ Labelling). London: Food Standards Agency http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/maycontainguide.pdf
41. Ford LS, Taylor SL, Pacenza R, Niemann LM, Lambrecht DM, Sicherer SH. 2010. Food allergen advisory labeling and product contamination with egg, milk, and peanut. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 126:2384–85 [Google Scholar]
42. Gendel SM. 2013. The regulatory challenge of food allergens. J. Agric. Food Chem. 61:245634–37 [Google Scholar]
43. Greer FR, Sicherer SH, Burks AW. Am. Acad. Pediatr. Comm. Nutr./Sect. Allergy Immunol 2008. Effects of early nutritional interventions on the development of atopic disease in infants and children: the role of maternal dietary restriction, breastfeeding, timing of introduction of complementary foods, and hydrolyzed formulas. Pediatrics 121:183–91 [Google Scholar]
44. Gruber P, Becker W, Hofmann T. 2005. Influence of the Maillard reaction on the allergenicity of rAra h 2, a recombinant major allergen from peanut (Arachis hypogaea), its major epitopes, and peanut agglutinin. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53:62289–96 [Google Scholar]
45. Hammons RO. 1982. Origin and early history of the peanut. See Pattee & Young 1982 1–20
46. Hartmann R, Meisel H. 2007. Food-derived peptides with biological activity: from research to food applications. Curr. Opin. Biotech. 18:2163–69 [Google Scholar]
47. Hathorn CS, Sanders TH. 2012. Flavor and antioxidant capacity of peanut paste and peanut butter supplemented with peanut skins. J. Food Sci. 77:S407–11 [Google Scholar]
48. Hebling CM, McFarland MA, Callahan JH, Ross MM. 2013. Global proteomic screening of protein allergens and advanced glycation endproducts in thermally processed peanuts. J. Agric. Food Chem. 61:245638–48 [Google Scholar]
49. Hefle SL, Furlong TJ, Niemann L, Lemon-Mule H, Sicherer S, Taylor SL. 2007. Consumer attitudes and risks associated with packaged foods having advisory labeling regarding the presence of peanuts. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 120:1171–76 [Google Scholar]
50. Henson M, Edie A, Steele P, Kamilaris J, Kulis M. et al. 2012. Peanut oral immunotherapy and omalizumab treatment for peanut allergy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 129:2AB28 (Abstr.) [Google Scholar]
51. Herman EM, Burks AW. 2011. The impact of plant biotechnology on food allergy. Curr. Opin. Biotech. 22:2224–30 [Google Scholar]
52. Hidalgo FJ, Zamora R. 2006. Peptides and proteins in edible oils: stability, allergenicity, and new processing trends. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 17:256–63 [Google Scholar]
53. Hofmann AM, Scurlock AM, Jones SM, Palmer KP, Lokhnygina Y. et al. 2009. Safety of a peanut oral immunotherapy protocol in children with peanut allergy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 124:2286–91.e6 [Google Scholar]
54. Hong S, Michael JG, Fehringer A, Leung DYM. 1999. Pepsin-digested peanut contains T-cell epitopes but no IgE epitopes. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 104:2473–77 [Google Scholar]
55. Hourihane JO, Bedwani SJ, Dean TP, Warner JO. 1997a. Randomised double blind, crossover challenge study of allergenicity of peanut oils in subjects allergic to peanuts. Br. Med. J. 314:70871084–88 [Google Scholar]
56. Hourihane JO, Kilburn SA, Nordlee JA, Hefle SL, Taylor SL, Warner JO. 1997b. An evaluation of the sensitivity of subjects with peanut allergy to very low doses of peanut protein: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge study. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 100:5596–600 [Google Scholar]
57. Johns CO, Jones DB. 1917. The proteins of the peanut (Arachis Hypogaea). J. Franklin Inst. 184:1120–21 [Google Scholar]
58. Jones SM, Pons L, Roberts JL, Scurlock AM, Perry TT. et al. 2009. Clinical efficacy and immune regulation with peanut oral immunotherapy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 124:2292–300.e97 [Google Scholar]
59. Kim EH, Bird JA, Kulis M, Laubach S, Pons L. et al. 2011. Sublingual immunotherapy for peanut allergy: clinical and immunologic evidence of desensitization. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 127:3640–46.e1 [Google Scholar]
60. Koppelman SJ, Hefle SL, Taylor SL, de Jong GAH. 2010. Digestion of peanut allergens Ara h 1, Ara h 2, Ara h 3, and Ara h 6: a comparative in vitro study and partial characterization of digestion-resistant peptides. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 54:121711–21 [Google Scholar]
61. Kopper RA, Odum NJ, Sen M, Helm RM, Stanley JS, Burks AW. 2005. Peanut protein allergens: the effect of roasting on solubility and allergenicity. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 136:116–22 [Google Scholar]
62. Kris-Etherton PN, Hu FB, Ros E, Sabate J. 2008. The role of tree nuts and peanuts in the prevention of coronary heart disease: multiple potential mechanisms. J. Nutr. 138:91746S–51S [Google Scholar]
63. Lack G. 2008. Epidemiologic risks for food allergy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 121:61331–36 [Google Scholar]
64. Lee CM, Resurreccion. 2006. Predicting sensory attribute intensities and consumer acceptance of stored roasted peanuts using instrumental measurements. J. Food Qual. 29:4319–38 [Google Scholar]
65. Lehrer SB, Ayuso R, Reese G. 2006. Current understanding of food allergens. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 964:169–85 [Google Scholar]
66. Leung DY, Sampson HA, Yunginger JW, Burks AW Jr, Schneider LC. et al. 2003. Effect of anti-IgE therapy in patients with peanut allergy. N. Engl. J. Med. 348:11986–93 [Google Scholar]
67. Li XM, Zhang TF, Huang CK, Srivastava K, Teper AA. et al. 2001. Food Allergy Herbal Formula-1 (FAHF-1) blocks peanut-induced anaphylaxis in a murine model. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 108:4639–46 [Google Scholar]
68. Lowenstein H. 1978. Quantitative immunoelectrophoretic methods as a tool for the analysis and isolation of allergens. Prog. Allergy 25:1–62 [Google Scholar]
69. Ma Y, Kerr WL, Cavender GA, Swanson RB, Hargrove JL, Pegg RB. 2013. Effect of peanut skin incorporation on the color, texture and total phenolics content of peanut butters. J. Food Process Eng. 36:3316–28 [Google Scholar]
70. Madsen CB, Hattersley S, Buck J, Gendel SM, Houben GF. et al. 2009. Approaches to risk assessment in food allergy: report from a workshop “developing a framework for assessing the risk from allergenic foods”. Food Chem. Toxicol. 47:480–89 [Google Scholar]
71. Maleki SJ, Chung S, Champagne ET, Raufman J. 2000. The effects of roasting on the allergenic properties of peanut proteins. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 106:4763–68 [Google Scholar]
72. Mattes RD, Kris-Etherton PM, Foster GD. 2008. Impact of peanuts and tree nuts on body weight and healthy weight loss in adults. J. Nutr. 138:91741S–45S [Google Scholar]
73. McDaniel KA, White BL, Dean LL, Sanders TH, Davis JP. 2012. Compositional and mechanical properties of peanuts roasted to equivalent colors using different time/temperature combinations. J. Food Sci. 77:12C1292–98 [Google Scholar]
74. McWatters KH, Cherry JP. 1982. Potential food uses of peanut seed proteins. See Pattee & Young 1982 689–736
75. Mills ENC, Sancho AI, Rigby NM, Jenkins JA, Mackie AR. 2009. Impact of food processing on the structural and allergenic properties of food allergens. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 53:963–69 [Google Scholar]
76. Mondoulet L, Dioszeghy V, Ligouis M, Dhelft V, Dupont C, Benhamou P. 2010. Epicutaneous immunotherapy on intact skin using a new delivery system in a murine model of allergy. Clin. Exp. Allergy 40:659–67 [Google Scholar]
77. Mondoulet L, Paty E, Drumare MF, Ah-Leung S, Scheinmann P. et al. 2005. Influence of thermal processing on the allergenicity of peanut proteins. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53:114547–53 [Google Scholar]
78. Nadeau KC, Schneider LC, Hoyte L, Borras I, Umetsu DT. 2011. Rapid oral desensitization in combination with omalizumab therapy in patients with cow's milk allergy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 127:61622–24 [Google Scholar]
79. Nelson HS, Lahr J, Rule R, Bock A, Leung D. 1997. Treatment of anaphylactic sensitivity to peanuts by immunotherapy with injections of aqueous peanut extract. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 99:6, Pt. 1744–51 [Google Scholar]
80. Newell JA, Mason ME, Matlock RS. 1967. Precursors of typical and atypical roasted peanut flavor. J. Agric. Food Chem. 15:5767–72 [Google Scholar]
81. Olszewski A, Pons L, Moutete F, Aimone-Gastin I, Kanny G. et al. 1998. Isolation and characterization of proteic allergens in refined peanut oil. Clin. Exp. Allergy 28:7850–59 [Google Scholar]
82. Oppenheimer JJ, Nelson HS, Bock SA, Christensen F, Leung DY. 1992. Treatment of peanut allergy with rush immunotherapy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 90:2256–62 [Google Scholar]
83. Oupadissakoon C, Young CT. 1984. Modeling of roasted peanut flavor for some Virginia-type peanuts from amino acid and sugar contents. J. Food Sci. 49:152–58 [Google Scholar]
84. Patil SP, Wang J, Song Y, Noone S, Yang N. et al. 2011. Clinical safety of Food Allergy Herbal Formula-2 (FAHF-2) and inhibitory effect on basophils from patients with food allergy: extended phase I study. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 128:61259–65.e2 [Google Scholar]
85. Pattee HE, Young CT. 1982. Peanut Science and Technology Yoakum, Texas: Am. Peanut Res. Educ. Soc.
86. Pendrous R. 2013. World's largest food allergy study launched. In (homepage of). FoodManufacture.co.uk. Crawley, UK: Food Manuf. Co. UK http://www.foodmanufacture.co.uk/Food-Safety/World-s-largest-food-allergy-study-launched. Updated on April 23, 2013; accessed on May 13, 2013 [Google Scholar]
87. Poms RE, Agazzi ME, Bau A, Brohee M, Capelletti C. et al. 2005. Inter-laboratory validation study of five commercial ELISA test kits for the determination of peanut proteins in biscuits and dark chocolate. Food Addit. Contam. 22:2104–12 [Google Scholar]
88. Poms RE, Capelletti C, Anklam E. 2004. Effect of roasting history and buffer composition on peanut protein extraction efficiency. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 48:6459–64 [Google Scholar]
89. Porterfield HS, Murray KS, Schlichting DG, Chen X, Hansen KC. et al. 2009. Effector activity of peanut allergens: a critical role for Ara h 2, Ara h 6, and their variants. Clin. Exp. Allergy 39:71099–108 [Google Scholar]
90. Rabjohn P, Helm EM, Stanley JS, West CM, Sampson HA. et al. 1999. Molecular cloning and epitope analysis of the peanut allergen Ara h 3. J. Clin. Investig. 103:4535–42 [Google Scholar]
91. Radauer C, Breiteneder H. 2007. Evolutionary biology of plant food allergens. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 120:3518–25 [Google Scholar]
92. Reading D. 2009. The reality of food allergy: the patients' perspective. Management of Food Allergens J Coutts, R Fielder 3–25 Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell [Google Scholar]
93. Rychlik M, Englert K, Kapfer S, Kirchhoff E. 2007. Folate contents of legumes determined by optimized enzyme treatment and stable isotope dilution assays. J. Food Comp. Anal. 20:5411–19 [Google Scholar]
94. Sampson HA, Leung DY, Burks AW, Lack G, Bahna SL. et al. 2011. A phase II, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled oral food challenge trial of Xolair (omalizumab) in peanut allergy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 127:51309–10.e1 [Google Scholar]
95. Schloss OM. 1912. A case of allergy to common foods. Am. J. Dis. Child. 3:341–43 [Google Scholar]
96. Schmitt DA, Maleki SJ. 2004. Comparing the effects of boiling, frying and roasting on the allergenicity of peanuts. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 113:2S155 (Abstr.) [Google Scholar]
97. Senti G, von Moos S, Kundig TM. 2011. Epicutaneous allergen administration: Is this the future of allergen-specific immunotherapy?. Allergy 66:798–809 [Google Scholar]
98. Senti G, von Moos S, Tay F, Graf N, Sonderegger T. et al. 2012. Epicutaneous allergen-specific immunotherapy ameliorates grass pollen-induced rhinoconjunctivitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled dose escalation study. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 129:128–35 [Google Scholar]
99. Shefcheck KJ, Callahan JH, Musser SM. 2006. Confirmation of peanut protein using peptide markers in dark chocolate using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). J. Agric. Food Chem. 54:7953–59 [Google Scholar]
100. Shi X, Guo R, White B, Yancey A, Sanders T. et al. 2013. Allergenic properties of enzymatically hydrolyzed peanut flour extracts. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 162:2123–30 [Google Scholar]
101. Shreffler WG, Beyer K, Chu TT, Burks AW, Sampson HA. 2004. Microarray immunoassay: association of clinical history, in vitro IgE function, and heterogeneity of allergenic peanut epitopes. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 113:4776–82 [Google Scholar]
102. Sicherer SH, Munoz-Furlong A, Godbold JH, Sampson HA. 2010. US prevalence of self-reported peanut, tree nut, and sesame allergy: 11-year follow-up. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 125:61322–26 [Google Scholar]
103. Sicherer SH, Sampson HA. 2010. Food allergy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 125:2, Suppl. 2S116–25 [Google Scholar]
104. Sinclair TR, Vadez V. 2012. The future of grain legumes in cropping systems. Crop. Pasture Sci. 63:501–12 [Google Scholar]
105. Singh A, Holvoet S, Mercenier A. 2011. Dietary polyphenols in the prevention and treatment of allergic diseases. Clin. Exp. Allergy 41:101346–59 [Google Scholar]
106. Singh MB, Bhalla PL. 2008. Genetic engineering for removing food allergens from plants. Trends Plant Sci. 13:6257–60 [Google Scholar]
107. Skripak JM, Nash SD, Rowley H, Brereton NH, Oh S. et al. 2008. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of milk oral immunotherapy for cow's milk allergy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 122:61154–60 [Google Scholar]
108. Srivastava K, Yang N, Chen Y, Lopez-Exposito I, Song Y. et al. 2011. Efficacy, safety and immunological actions of butanol-extracted Food Allergy Herbal Formula-2 on peanut anaphylaxis. Clin. Exp. Allergy 41:4582–91 [Google Scholar]
109. Srivastava KD, Bardina L, Sampson HA, Li XM. 2012. Efficacy and immunological actions of FAHF-2 in a murine model of multiple food allergies. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 108:5351–58.e1 [Google Scholar]
110. Srivastava KD, Kattan JD, Zou ZM, Li JH, Zhang L. et al. 2005. The Chinese herbal medicine formula FAHF-2 completely blocks anaphylactic reactions in a murine model of peanut allergy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 115:1171–78 [Google Scholar]
111. Strid J, Thomson M, Hourihane J, Kimber I, Strobel S. 2004. A novel model of sensitization and oral tolerance to peanut protein. Immunology 113:3293–303 [Google Scholar]
112. Taylor SL, Busse WW, Sachs MI, Parker JL, Yunginger JW. 1981. Peanut oil is not allergenic to peanut-sensitive individuals. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 68:5372–75 [Google Scholar]
113. Threshold Working Group 2008. Approaches to establish thresholds for major food allergens and for gluten in food. J. Food Prot. 71:51043–88 [Google Scholar]
114. Thyagarajan A, Jones SM, Calatroni A, Pons L, Kulis M. et al. 2012. Evidence of pathway-specific basophil anergy induced by peanut oral immunotherapy in peanut-allergic children. Clin. Exp. Allergy 42:81197–205 [Google Scholar]
115. Thyagarajan A, Varshney P, Jones SM, Sicherer S, Wood R. et al. 2010. Peanut oral immunotherapy is not ready for clinical use. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 126:131–32 [Google Scholar]
116. US Census Bureau 2011. International data base. World population: 1950–2050. In (homepage of) US Department of Commerce. Washington, DC: US Census Bur http://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/worldpopgraph.php. Updated on August 28, 2012; accessed on May 15, 2013 [Google Scholar]
117. USDA 2013. Oilseeds: world markets and trade. In (homepage of). United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service Circular Series Washington, DC: USDA. Update in May 2013; accessed on May 1, 2013 http://www.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/circulars/oilseeds.pdf [Google Scholar]
118. van Hengel AJ. 2007. Food allergen detection methods and the challenge to protect food-allergic consumers. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 389:1111–18 [Google Scholar]
119. van Hengel AJ, Anklam E, Taylor SL, Hefle SL. 2006. Analysis of food allergens and practical application. Food Toxicant Analysis Y Pico 189–229 Amsterdam: Elsevier [Google Scholar]
120. Varshney P, Jones SM, Scurlock AM, Perry TT, Kemper A. et al. 2011. A randomized controlled study of peanut oral immunotherapy: clinical desensitization and modulation of the allergic response. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 127:3654–60 [Google Scholar]
121. Vissers YM, Iwan M, Adel-Patient K, Skov PS, Rigby NM. et al. 2011. Effect of roasting on the allergenicity of major peanut allergens Ara h 1 and Ara h 2/6: the necessity of degranulation assays. Clin. Exp. Allergy 41:111631–42 [Google Scholar]
122. White BL, Gokce E, Nepomuceno AI, Muddiman DC, Sanders TH, Davis JP. 2013. Comparative proteomic analysis and IgE binding properties of peanut seed and testa (skin). J. Agric. Food Chem. 61:163957–68 [Google Scholar]
123. Yu J, Ahmedna M, Goktepe I, Cheng H, Maleki S. 2011. Enzymatic treatment of peanut kernels to reduce allergen levels. Food Chem. 127:31014–22 [Google Scholar]
124. Yu JM, Ahmedna M, Goktepe I, Dai JA. 2006. Peanut skin procyanidins: composition and antioxidant activities as affected by processing. J. Food Comp. Anal. 19:4364–71 [Google Scholar]
125. Zhuang Y, Dreskin SC. 2013. Redefining the major peanut allergens. Immunol. Res. 55:1–3125–34 [Google Scholar]