ABSTRACT
Extant literature has noted that migrant-related deliberations on social media platforms are primarily associated with negative sentiments. However, the literature has rarely probed – whether these negative sentiments get endorsed by other users? If yes, does it depend on who the migrants are – especially if they are cultural others? The 2022 Ukrainian refugee crisis allows probing these intricate issues. We have analyzed 110,803 (prior to this 2022 crisis) and 21,453 (during this crisis) migrant-related comments on the YouTube platform. Specifically, we investigate the relationship between user endorsement and sentiments of these comments. Both datasets indicate that users endorse comments with positive sentiments and reveal a negative propensity to endorse hate speeches, i.e., comments that use swear words. However, the analysis of the recent dataset reveals a negative propensity to endorse comments with negative sentiments, but the earlier dataset indicates a positive propensity. Thus, the endorsement pattern of comments with negative sentiments may depend on who the migrants are!
- Luis Aguirre and Emese Domahidi. 2021. Problematic Content in Spanish Language Comments in YouTube Videos about Venezuelan Refugees and Migrants. JQD 1, (September 2021). DOI:https://doi.org/10.51685/jqd.2021.022Google Scholar
- Valerio Basile, Cristina Bosco, Elisabetta Fersini, Debora Nozza, Viviana Patti, Francisco Manuel Rangel Pardo, Paolo Rosso, and Manuela Sanguinetti. 2019. SemEval-2019 Task 5: Multilingual Detection of Hate Speech Against Immigrants and Women in Twitter. In Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation, Association for Computational Linguistics, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, 54–63. DOI:https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/S19-2007Google ScholarCross Ref
- Alexandre Bovet and Hernán A. Makse. 2019. Influence of fake news in Twitter during the 2016 US presidential election. Nat Commun 10, 1 (December 2019), 7. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07761-2Google ScholarCross Ref
- Carlos Arcila Calderón, Gonzalo de la Vega, and David Blanco Herrero. 2020. Topic Modeling and Characterization of Hate Speech against Immigrants on Twitter around the Emergence of a Far-Right Party in Spain. Social Sciences 9, 11 (October 2020), 188. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci9110188Google ScholarCross Ref
- Erik Cambria, Yang Li, Frank Z. Xing, Soujanya Poria, and Kenneth Kwok. 2020. SenticNet 6: Ensemble Application of Symbolic and Subsymbolic AI for Sentiment Analysis. In Proceedings of the 29th ACM International Conference on Information & Knowledge Management, ACM, Virtual Event Ireland, 105–114. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1145/3340531.3412003Google ScholarDigital Library
- Laura Ceci. 2022. YouTube penetration in selected countries and territories 2022. Statista. Retrieved April 25, 2022 from https://www.statista.com/statistics/1219589/youtube-penetration-worldwide-by-country/Google Scholar
- Nathaniel Ming Curran and Hyun Tae. 2020. Digital Feminism and Affective Splintering: South Korean Twitter Discourse on 500 Yemeni Refugees. International Journal of Communication (2020), 14–19.Google Scholar
- Marianne Hattar‐Pollara. 2019. Barriers to Education of Syrian Refugee Girls in Jordan: Gender‐Based Threats and Challenges. Journal of Nursing Scholarship 51, 3 (May 2019), 241–251. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12480Google ScholarCross Ref
- Grace Hauck. Ukraine refugee crisis highlights racism in Europe, Poland. Retrieved April 25, 2022 from https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2022/03/03/ukraine-refugee-crisis-racism-european-union/9329667002/Google Scholar
- Jennifer Hoewe, Cynthia Peacock, Bumsoo Kim, and Matthew Barnidge. 2020. The Relationship Between Fox News Use and Americans’ Policy Preferences Regarding Refugees and Immigrants. International Journal of Communication (2020).Google Scholar
- Sylvia Jaki and Tom De Smedt. Right-wing German Hate Speech on Twitter: Analysis and Automatic Detection. 31.Google Scholar
- Serhat Karakayali. 2018. The Flüchtlingskrise in Germany: Crisis of the Refugees, by the Refugees, for the Refugees. Sociology 52, 3 (June 2018), 606–611. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038518760224Google ScholarCross Ref
- Saif Khalid. Q&A: Understanding Europe's response to Ukrainian refugee crisis | Russia-Ukraine war News | Al Jazeera. Retrieved April 25, 2022 from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/10/qa-why-europe-welcomed-ukrainian-refugees-but-not-syriansGoogle Scholar
- Aparup Khatua and Wolfgang Nejdl. 2021. Analyzing European Migrant-related Twitter Deliberations. In Companion Proceedings of the Web Conference 2021, ACM, Ljubljana Slovenia, 166–170. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1145/3442442.3453459Google ScholarDigital Library
- Aparup Khatua and Wolfgang Nejdl. 2021. Struggle to Settle down! Examining the Voices of Migrants and Refugees on Twitter Platform. In Companion Publication of the 2021 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing, ACM, Virtual Event USA, 95–98. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1145/3462204.3481773Google ScholarDigital Library
- Aparup Khatua and Wolfgang Nejdl. 2022. Unraveling Social Perceptions & Behaviors towards Migrants on Twitter. 16th International Conference On Web And Social Media ICWSM (2022).Google ScholarCross Ref
- Aparup Khatua and Wolfgang Nejdl. 2022. Rites de Passage: Elucidating Displacement to Emplacement of Refugees on Twitter. 33rd ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media (HT ’22) (2022). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1145/3511095.3536362Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ramona Kreis. 2017. #refugeesnotwelcome: Anti-refugee discourse on Twitter. Discourse & Communication 11, 5 (October 2017), 498–514. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/1750481317714121Google ScholarCross Ref
- Juan Pablo Latorre and Javier J. Amores. 2021. Topic modelling of racist and xenophobic YouTube comments. Analyzing hate speech against migrants and refugees spread through YouTube in Spanish. In Ninth International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing Multiculturality (TEEM’21), ACM, Barcelona Spain, 456–460. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1145/3486011.3486494Google ScholarDigital Library
- Douglas R. Leasure, Ridhi Kashyap, Francesco Rampazzo, Benjamin Elbers, Claire Dooley, Ingmar Weber, Masoomali Fatehkia, Maksym Bondarenko, Mark D. Verhagen, Arun Frey, Jiani Yan, Evelina Akimova, Alessandro Sorichetta, Andrew Tatem, and Melinda C. Mills. 2022. Ukraine Crisis: Monitoring population displacement through social media activity. SocArXiv. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/6j9wqGoogle Scholar
- Ju-Sung Lee and Adina Nerghes. 2018. Refugee or Migrant Crisis? Labels, Perceived Agency, and Sentiment Polarity in Online Discussions. Social Media + Society 4, 3 (July 2018), 205630511878563. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305118785638Google Scholar
- Raphael Ottoni, Evandro Cunha, Gabriel Magno, Pedro Bernardina, Wagner Meira Jr., and Virgílio Almeida. 2018. Analyzing Right-wing YouTube Channels: Hate, Violence and Discrimination. In Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Web Science, ACM, Amsterdam Netherlands, 323–332. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1145/3201064.3201081Google ScholarDigital Library
- Nazan Öztürk and Serkan Ayvaz. 2018. Sentiment analysis on Twitter: A text mining approach to the Syrian refugee crisis. Telematics and Informatics 35, 1 (April 2018), 136–147. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2017.10.006Google ScholarCross Ref
- Shriphani Palakodety, Ashiqur R. KhudaBukhsh, and Jaime G. Carbonell. 2020. Voice for the Voiceless: Active Sampling to Detect Comments Supporting the Rohingyas. In Proceedings of the AAAI conference on artificial intelligence (2020), 454–462.Google Scholar
- Endang Wahyu Pamungkas, Valerio Basile, and Viviana Patti. 2020. Do You Really Want to Hurt Me? Predicting Abusive Swearing in Social Media. In The 12th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (2020), 6237–6246.Google Scholar
- Michelle Peterie and David Neil. 2020. Xenophobia towards asylum seekers: A survey of social theories. Journal of Sociology 56, 1 (March 2020), 23–35. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/1440783319882526Google ScholarCross Ref
- David Pope and Josephine Griffith. 2016. An Analysis of Online Twitter Sentiment Surrounding the European Refugee Crisis: In Proceedings of the 8th International Joint Conference on Knowledge Discovery, Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management, SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, Porto, Portugal, 299–306. DOI:https://doi.org/10.5220/0006051902990306Google ScholarDigital Library
- Manoel Horta Ribeiro, Raphael Ottoni, Robert West, Virgílio A. F. Almeida, and Wagner Meira. 2020. Auditing radicalization pathways on YouTube. In Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, ACM, Barcelona Spain, 131–141. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1145/3351095.3372879Google ScholarDigital Library
- Luis N. Rivera-Pagán. 2012. Xenophilia or Xenophobia: Towards a Theology of Migration. The Ecumenical Review 64, 4 (December 2012), 575–589. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/erev.12013Google ScholarCross Ref
- Christos Sagredos and Evelin Nikolova. 2022. ‘Slut I hate you’: A critical discourse analysis of gendered conflict on YouTube. JLAC (2022). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1075/jlac.00065.sagGoogle ScholarCross Ref
- Manuela Sanguinetti, Fabio Poletto, Cristina Bosco, Viviana Patti, and Marco Stranisci. 2018. An italian twitter corpus of hate speech against immigrants. In Proceedings of the eleventh international conference on language resources and evaluation (LREC) (2018).Google Scholar
- Stefan Siersdorfer, Sergiu Chelaru, Wolfgang Nejdl, and Jose San Pedro. 2010. How useful are your comments?: analyzing and predicting youtube comments and comment ratings. In Proceedings of the 19th international conference on World wide web - WWW ’10, ACM Press, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA, 891. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1145/1772690.1772781Google ScholarDigital Library
- Christoph Spörlein and Elmar Schlueter. 2021. Ethnic Insults in YouTube Comments: Social Contagion and Selection Effects During the German “Refugee Crisis.” European Sociological Review 37, 3 (May 2021), 411–428. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcaa053Google ScholarCross Ref
- Lu Tang, Kayo Fujimoto, Muhammad (Tuan) Amith, Rachel Cunningham, Rebecca A Costantini, Felicia York, Grace Xiong, Julie A Boom, and Cui Tao. 2021. “Down the Rabbit Hole” of Vaccine Misinformation on YouTube: Network Exposure Study. J Med Internet Res 23, 1 (January 2021), e23262. DOI:https://doi.org/10.2196/23262Google ScholarCross Ref
- Yla R. Tausczik and James W. Pennebaker. 2010. The Psychological Meaning of Words: LIWC and Computerized Text Analysis Methods. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 29, 1 (March 2010), 24–54. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X09351676Google ScholarCross Ref
- Maximiliano Frías Vázquez and Francisco Seoane Pérez. 2019. Hate Speech in Spain Against Aquarius Refugees 2018 in Twitter. In Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing Multiculturality, ACM, León Spain, 906–910. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1145/3362789.3362849Google ScholarDigital Library
- Bertie Vidgen, Tristan Thrush, Zeerak Waseem, and Douwe Kiela. 2021. Learning from the Worst: Dynamically Generated Datasets to Improve Online Hate Detection. arXiv:2012.15761 [cs] (June 2021). Retrieved December 16, 2021 from http://arxiv.org/abs/2012.15761Google Scholar
- Fabio Del Vigna, Andrea Cimino, Felice Dell'Orletta, Marinella Petrocchi, and Maurizio Tesconi. 2017. Hate me, hate me not: Hate speech detection on Facebook. In Proceedings of the First Italian Conference on Cybersecurity (ITASEC17) (2017), 86–95.Google Scholar
- Zeerak Waseem and Dirk Hovy. 2016. Hateful Symbols or Hateful People? Predictive Features for Hate Speech Detection on Twitter. In Proceedings of the NAACL Student Research Workshop, Association for Computational Linguistics, San Diego, California, 88–93. DOI:https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/N16-2013Google ScholarCross Ref
- Greene William H. 2003. Econometric analysis.Google Scholar
- n.d. Media Bias/Fact Check News. Media Bias/Fact Check. Retrieved April 25, 2022 from https://mediabiasfactcheck.com/Google Scholar
Index Terms
- Endorsement Analysis of Migrant-related Deliberations on YouTube: Prior to and During 2022 Ukrainian crisis
Recommendations
Analyzing European Migrant-related Twitter Deliberations
WWW '21: Companion Proceedings of the Web Conference 2021Machine-driven topic identification of online contents is a prevalent task in the natural language processing (NLP) domain. Social media deliberation reflects society's opinion, and a structured analysis of these contents allows us to decipher the same. ...
The Refugee/Migrant Crisis Dichotomy on Twitter: A Network and Sentiment Perspective
WebSci '18: Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Web ScienceMedia reports, political statements, and social media debates on the refugee/migrant crisis shape the ways in which people and societies respond to those displaced people arriving at their borders world wide. These current events are framed and ...
Analysis of Tweets Related to Cyberbullying: Exploring Information Diffusion and Advice Available for Cyberbullying Victims
The use of Twitter, especially by teenagers and young people, has raised the issue of cyberbullying. There is a lack of research into what types of advice and support are available in tweets for cyberbullying victims, and into the features influencing ...
Comments