Abstract
Traditionally, urban accessibility is defined as the ease of reaching destinations. Studies on urban accessibility for pedestrians with mobility disabilities (e.g., wheelchair users) have primarily focused on understanding the challenges that the built environment imposes and how they overcome them. In this paper, we move beyond physical barriers and focus on socio-political challenges in the civic ecosystem that impedes accessible infrastructure development. Using a multi-stakeholder approach, we interviewed five primary stakeholder groups (N=25): (1) people with mobility disabilities, (2) caregivers, (3) accessibility advocates, (4) department officials, and (5) policymakers. We discussed their current accessibility assessment and decision-making practices. We identified the key needs and desires of each group, how they differed, and how they interacted with each other in the civic ecosystem to bring about change. We found that people, politics, and money were intrinsically tied to underfunded accessibility improvement projects "without continued support from the public and the political leadership, existing funding may also disappear. Using the insights from these interviews, we explore how may technology enhance our stakeholders" decision-making processes and facilitate accessible infrastructure development.
Supplemental Material
Available for Download
Supplementary Materials ????????????????? Includes Codebook for qualitative study analysis of interview study data.
- Rediet Abebe, Solon Barocas, Jon Kleinberg, Karen Levy, Manish Raghavan, and David G. Robinson. Roles for Computing in Social Change. In FAT* 2020 - Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, 252--260. https://doi.org/10.1145/3351095.3372871Google ScholarDigital Library
- Lauren C. Abercrombie, James F. Sallis, Terry L. Conway, Lawrence D. Frank, Brian E. Saelens, and James E. Chapman. 2008. Income and Racial Disparities in Access to Public Parks and Private Recreation Facilities. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 34, 1: 9--15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2007.09.030Google ScholarCross Ref
- Isabelle Anguelovski, James J. T. Connolly, Laia Masip, and Hamil Pearsall. 2018. Assessing green gentrification in historically disenfranchised neighborhoods: a longitudinal and spatial analysis of Barcelona. Urban Geography 39, 3: 458--491. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2017.1349987Google ScholarCross Ref
- Pablo Aragón, Claudia Flores-Saviaga, Adriana Alvarado Garcia, Christopher A. Le Dantec, and Jorge Saldivar. 2020. Civic Technologies: Research, Practice and Open Challenges. In CSCW 2020 Workshop.Google Scholar
- Mariam Asad and Christopher A. Le Dantec. 2015. Illegitimate civic participation: Supporting community activists on the ground. In CSCW 2015 - Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing, 1694--1703. https://doi.org/10.1145/2675133.2675156Google ScholarDigital Library
- Mariam Asad and Christopher A. Le Dantec. 2017. Tap the "Make this public" button: A design: Based inquiry into issue advocacy and digital civics. In Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings, 6304--6316. https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3026034Google ScholarDigital Library
- Mariam Asad, Christopher A. Le Dantec, Becky Nielsen, and Kate Diedrick. 2017. Creating a Sociotechnical API: Designing City-Scale Community Engagement. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI '17, 2295--2306. https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025963Google ScholarDigital Library
- Yicheng Bai, Wenyan Jia, Hong Zhang, Zhi-Hong Mao, and Mingui Sun. 2014. Landmark-Based Indoor Positioning for Visually Impaired Individuals. International conference on signal processing proceedings. International Conference on Signal Processing 2014: 678--681. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICOSP.2014.7015087Google Scholar
- Juan Pablo Bocarejo S. and Daniel Ricardo Oviedo H. 2012. Transport accessibility and social inequities: a tool for identification of mobility needs and evaluation of transport investments. Journal of Transport Geography 24: 142--154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2011.12.004Google ScholarCross Ref
- Kirsten Boehner and Carl Disalvo. 2016. Data, design and civics: An exploratory study of civic tech. In Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings, 2970--2981. https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858326Google ScholarDigital Library
- N. Bolten, S. Mukherjee, V. Sipeeva, A. Tanweer, and A. Caspi. 2017. A pedestrian-centered data approach for equitable access to urban infrastructure environments. IBM Journal of Research and Development 61, 6: 101--1012. https://doi.org/10.1147/JRD.2017.2736279Google ScholarDigital Library
- Mark Bovens. 2007. Analysing and Assessing Accountability: A Conceptual Framework. European Law Journal 13, 4: 447--468. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0386.2007.00378.xGoogle ScholarCross Ref
- Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke. 2006. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology 3, 2: 77--101. Retrieved July 11, 2014 from http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1191/1478088706qp063oaGoogle ScholarCross Ref
- Jane Campbell and Mike Oliver. 2013. Disability politics: Understanding our past, changing our future. Routledge.Google Scholar
- Soon Ae Chun, Stuart Shulman, Rodrigo Sandoval, and Eduard Hovy. 2010. Government 2.0: Making Connections between Citizens, Data and Government. Information Polity 15, 1,2: 1--9. https://doi.org/10.3233/IP-2010-0205Google Scholar
- Richard L. Church and James R. Marston. 2003. Measuring Accessibility for People with a Disability. Geographical Analysis 35, 1: 83--96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.2003.tb01102.xGoogle ScholarCross Ref
- Civil Rights Division United States Department of Justice. 1990. Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. Pub. L. No. 101--336, 104 Stat. 328. Retrieved September 14, 2017 from https://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/history/35th/thelaw/ada.htmlGoogle Scholar
- Colding, Barthel, and Sörqvist. 2019. Wicked Problems of Smart Cities. Smart Cities 2, 4: 512--521. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities2040031Google ScholarCross Ref
- Eric Corbett and Christopher A. Le Dantec. 2018. The problem of community engagement: Disentangling the practices of municipal government. In Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3174148Google ScholarDigital Library
- Clara Crivellaro, Rob Anderson, Daniel Lambton-Howard, Tom Nappey, Patrick Olivier, Vasilis Vlachokyriakos, Alexander Wilson, and Pete Wright. 2019. Infrastructuring public service transformation: Creating collaborative spaces between communities and institutions through HCI research. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 26, 3. https://doi.org/10.1145/3310284Google ScholarDigital Library
- M. Q. Dalvi and K. M. Martin. 1976. The measurement of accessibility: Some preliminary results. Transportation 5, 1: 17--42. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00165245Google ScholarCross Ref
- Christopher A. Le Dantec. 2019. Infrastructures of Digital Civics: Transportation, Advocacy, and Mobile Computing.. Springer VS, Wiesbaden, 169--184. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-20725-0_8Google Scholar
- Christopher A. Le Dantec, Mariam Asad, Aditi Misra, and Kari E. Watkins. 2015. Planning with Crowdsourced Data: Rhetoric and Representation in Transportation Planning. In Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing - CSCW '15, 1717--1727. https://doi.org/10.1145/2675133.2675212Google ScholarDigital Library
- Christopher A. Le Dantec, Kari E. Watkins, Russ Clark, and Elizabeth Mynatt. 2015. Cycle atlanta and OneBusAway: Driving innovation through the data ecosystems of civic computing. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 327--338. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21006-3_32Google Scholar
- Christopher A Le Dantec. 2014. Data-Based Civic Participation. In Second AAAI Conference on Human Computation and Crowdsourcing.Google Scholar
- Kevin C. Desouza and Akshay Bhagwatwar. 2012. Citizen Apps to Solve Complex Urban Problems. Journal of Urban Technology 19, 3: 107--136. https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2012.673056Google ScholarCross Ref
- Kevin C. Desouza and Akshay Bhagwatwar. 2014. Technology-Enabled Participatory Platforms for Civic Engagement: The Case of U.S. Cities. Journal of Urban Technology 21, 4: 25--50. https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2014.954898Google ScholarCross Ref
- Talitha Dubow, Axelle Devaux, Christian Stolk, and Catriona Manville. 2017. Civic Engagement: How can digital technologies underpin citizen-powered democracy? RAND Corporation. https://doi.org/10.7249/cf373Google Scholar
- Ahmed El-Geneidy, David Levinson, Ehab Diab, Genevieve Boisjoly, David Verbich, and Charis Loong. 2016. The cost of equity: Assessing transit accessibility and social disparity using total travel cost. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 91: 302--316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2016.07.003Google ScholarCross Ref
- Elizabeth Ellcessor. 2010. Bridging disibility divides: A critical history of web content accessibility through 2001. Information Communication and Society 13, 3: 289--308. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691180903456546Google ScholarCross Ref
- Rosemary D. F Bromley, David L. Matthews, and Colin J. Thomas. 2007. City centre accessibility for wheelchair users: The consumer perspective and the planning implications. Cities. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2007.01.009Google Scholar
- Jenille Fairbanks, Kenneth D. Plowman, and Brad L. Rawlins. 2007. Transparency in government communication. Journal of Public Affairs 7, 1: 23--37. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.245Google ScholarCross Ref
- Navid Fallah, Ilias Apostolopoulos, Kostas Bekris, and Eelke Folmer. 2012. The user as a sensor: navigating users with visual impairments in indoor spaces using tactile landmarks. In Proceedings of the 2012 ACM annual conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI '12, 425. https://doi.org/10.1145/2207676.2207735Google ScholarDigital Library
- Marcus Foth, Leonardo Parra Agudelo, and Robin Palleis. 2013. Digital soapboxes: towards an interaction design agenda for situated civic innovation. 725--728. https://doi.org/10.1145/2494091.2495995Google ScholarDigital Library
- Lance Freeman. 2005. Displacement or Succession?: Residential Mobility in Gentrifying Neighborhoods. Urban Affairs Review 40, 4: 463--491. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087404273341Google ScholarCross Ref
- Jon E. Froehlich, Anke M. Brock, Anat Caspi, João Guerreiro, Kotaro Hara, Reuben Kirkham, Johannes Schöning, and Benjamin Tannert. 2019. Grand challenges in accessible maps. Interactions 26, 2: 78--81. https://doi.org/10.1145/3301657Google ScholarDigital Library
- Jon E. Froehlich, Michael Saugstad, Manaswi Saha, and Matthew Johnson. 2020. Towards Mapping and Assessing Sidewalk Accessibility Across Socio- cultural and Geographic Contexts. In AVI Workshop on Data4Good - Designing for Diversity and Development (To Appear), 6.Google Scholar
- Adriana Alvarado Garcia and Christopher A. Le Dantec. 2018. Quotidian report: Grassroots data practices to address public safety. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 2, CSCW. https://doi.org/10.1145/3274286Google ScholarDigital Library
- Adriana Alvarado Garcia, Alyson L. Young, and Lynn Dombrowski. 2017. On making data actionable: How activists use imperfect data to foster social change for human rights violations in Mexico. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 1, CSCW: 1--19. https://doi.org/10.1145/3134654Google ScholarDigital Library
- Amin Gharebaghi, Mir-Abolfazl Mostafavi, Seyed Chavoshi, Geoffrey Edwards, and Patrick Fougeyrollas. 2018. The Role of Social Factors in the Accessibility of Urban Areas for People with Motor Disabilities. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 7, 4: 131. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7040131Google ScholarCross Ref
- Amin Gharebaghi and Mir Abolfazl Mostafavi. 2016. A New Ontological Perspective For Integration Of Social And Physical Environments: Disability And Rehabilitation Context. ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences III-2: 137--142. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-III-2-137-2016Google Scholar
- Sucheta Ghoshal, Andrea Grimes Parker, Christopher A. Le Dantec, Carl Disalvo, Lilly Irani, and Amy Bruckman. 2019. Design and the Politics of Collaboration: A Grassroots Perspective. In Conference Companion Publication of the 2019 on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing, 468--473. https://doi.org/10.1145/3311957.3359438Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ruth Glass. 1964. London?: aspects of change. MacGibbon & Kee, London.Google Scholar
- Jonathan Glick. 2008. Gentrification and the Racialized Geography of Home Equity. Urban Affairs Review 44, 2: 280--295. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087408316971Google ScholarCross Ref
- George Grier. 1978. Urban displacement?: a reconnaissance. Grier Partnership, Bethesda Md.Google Scholar
- Stephan Grimmelikhuijsen. 2012. Linking transparency, knowledge and citizen trust in government: an experiment. International Review of Administrative Sciences 78, 1: 50--73. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852311429667Google ScholarCross Ref
- Carl Grodach and Anastasia Loukaitou?Sideris. 2007. Cultural Development Strategies and Urban Revitalization: A Survey of US Cities. International Journal of Cultural Policy 13, 4: 349--370. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286630701683235Google ScholarCross Ref
- Sihui Guo, Ci Song, Tao Pei, Yaxi Liu, Ting Ma, Yunyan Du, Jie Chen, Zide Fan, Xianli Tang, Yong Peng, and Yanbin Wang. 2019. Accessibility to urban parks for elderly residents: Perspectives from mobile phone data. Landscape and Urban Planning 191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.103642Google Scholar
- H Hahn. 1986. Disability and the urban environment: a perspective on Los Angeles. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 4, 3: 273--288. https://doi.org/10.1068/d040273Google ScholarCross Ref
- Harlan Hahn. 1985. Toward a politics of disability: Definitions, disciplines, and policies. The Social Science Journal. Retrieved from https://www.independentliving.org/docs4/hahn2.htmlGoogle Scholar
- Walter G. Hansen. 1959. How Accessibility Shapes Land Use. Journal of the American Planning Association 25, 2: 73--76. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944365908978307Google Scholar
- Kotaro Hara, Christine Chan, and Jon E. Froehlich. 2016. The Design of Assistive Location-based Technologies for People with Ambulatory Disabilities. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI '16, 1757--1768. https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858315Google ScholarDigital Library
- Kotaro Hara and Jon E. Froehlich. 2015. Characterizing and visualizing physical world accessibility at scale using crowdsourcing, computer vision, and machine learning. ACM SIGACCESS Accessibility and Computing, 113: 13--21. https://doi.org/10.1145/2850440.2850442Google ScholarDigital Library
- Kotaro Hara, Vicki Le, and Jon Froehlich. 2013. Combining crowdsourcing and google street view to identify street-level accessibility problems. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI '13, 631. https://doi.org/10.1145/2470654.2470744Google ScholarDigital Library
- Mike Harding, Bran Knowles, Nigel Davies, and Mark Rouncefield. 2015. HCI, civic engagement & trust. In Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 2833--2842. https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702255Google ScholarDigital Library
- David Harvey. 2003. The Fetish of Technology: Causes and Consequences. Macalester International 13, 1: 7.Google Scholar
- Rob Imrie. 2000. Disabling Environments and the Geography of Access Policies and Practices. Disability and Society 15, 1: 5--24. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687590025748Google ScholarCross Ref
- Lyn Jongbloed and Anne Crichton. 1990. Difficulties in Shifting from Individualistic to Socio-political Policy regarding Disability in Canada. Disability, Handicap & Society 5, 1: 25--36. https://doi.org/10.1080/02674649066780021Google ScholarCross Ref
- US Department of Justice Civic Rights Division. Introduction to the ADA. Retrieved September 21, 2020 from https://www.ada.gov/ada_intro.htmGoogle Scholar
- US Department of Justice. 2010 ADA Standards for Accessible Design. Retrieved December 19, 2019 from https://www.ada.gov/2010ADAstandards_index.htmGoogle Scholar
- Naveena Karusala, Jennifer Wilson, Phebe Vayanos, and Eric Rice. 2019. Street-Level Realities of Data Practices in Homeless Services Provision. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 3, CSCW: 1--23. https://doi.org/10.1145/3359286Google ScholarDigital Library
- Rob Kitchin and Robert Wilton. 2003. Disability activism and the politics of scale. The Canadian Geographer/Le G?ographe canadien 47, 2: 97--115. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-0064.00005Google Scholar
- Reinout Kleinhans, Maarten Van Ham, and Jennifer Evans-Cowley. 2015. Using Social Media and Mobile Technologies to Foster Engagement and Self-Organization in Participatory Urban Planning and Neighbourhood Governance. Planning Practice and Research 30, 237--247. https://doi.org/10.1080/02697459.2015.1051320Google ScholarCross Ref
- Helen Larkin, Danielle Hitch, Valerie Watchorn, and Susan Ang. 2015. Working with policy and regulatory factors to implement universal design in the built environment: The Australian experience. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, 7: 8157--8171. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120708157Google ScholarCross Ref
- Daniela Antunes Lessa, Carlos Lobo, and Leandro Cardoso. 2019. Accessibility and urban mobility by bus in Belo Horizonte/Minas Gerais -- Brazil. Journal of Transport Geography 77: 1--10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2019.04.004Google ScholarCross Ref
- Arlene Mayerson. 1992. The History of ADA, a Movement Perspective. Retrieved February 14, 2020 from https://dredf.org/about-us/publications/the-history-of-the-ada/Google Scholar
- Brian McInnis, Marta Poblet, Alissa Centivany, Karen Levy, Juho Kim, and Gilly Leshed. 2017. Crowdsourcing law and policy: A design-thinking approach to crowd-civic systems. In CSCW 2017 - Companion of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing, 355--361. https://doi.org/10.1145/3022198.3022656Google ScholarDigital Library
- H. Filiz Alkan Meshur. 2013. Accessibility for people with disabilities in urban spaces: A case study of Ankara, Turkey. Archnet-IJAR 7, 2: 43--60. https://doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v7i2.154Google Scholar
- Allan R. Meyers, Jennifer J. Anderson, Donald R. Miller, Kathy Shipp, and Helen Hoenig. 2002. Barriers, facilitators, and access for wheelchair users: Substantive and methodologic lessons from a pilot study of environmental effects. Social Science and Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277--9536(01)00269-6Google Scholar
- Aditi Misra, Aaron Gooze, Kari Watkins, Mariam Asad, and Christopher A. Le Dantec. 2014. Crowdsourcing and Its Application to Transportation Data Collection and Management. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2414, 1: 1--8. https://doi.org/10.3141/2414-01Google ScholarCross Ref
- Iva Mrak, Tiziana Campisi, Giovanni Tesoriere, Antonino Canale, and Margareta Cindri?. 2019. The role of urban and social factors in the accessibility of urban areas for people with motor and visual disabilities. 160008. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5138076Google Scholar
- Michael J Muller. 2002. Participatory Design: The Third Space in HCI. In The Human-Computer Interaction Handbook: Fundamentals, Evolving Technologies and Emerging Applications. L. Erlbaum Associates Inc., USA, 1051--1068.Google Scholar
- Matti Nelimarkka. 2019. A Review of Research on Participation in Democratic Decision-Making Presented at SIGCHI Conferences. Toward an Improved Trading Zone Between Political Science and HCI. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 3, CSCW: 1--29. https://doi.org/10.1145/3359241Google ScholarDigital Library
- Kathe Newman and Philip Ashton. 2004. Neoliberal Urban Policy and New Paths of Neighborhood Change in the American Inner City. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 36, 7: 1151--1172. https://doi.org/10.1068/a36229Google ScholarCross Ref
- Patrick Olivier and Peter Wright. 2015. Digital civics: Taking a local turn. Interactions 22, 61--63. https://doi.org/10.1145/2776885Google ScholarDigital Library
- Horst W.J. Rittel and Melvin M. Webber. 1973. Dilemmas in a general theory of planning. Policy Sciences 4, 2: 155--169. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01405730Google ScholarCross Ref
- Manaswi Saha, Alexander J. Fiannaca, Melanie Kneisel, Edward Cutrell, and Meredith Ringel Morris. 2019. Closing the Gap: Designing for the Last-Few-Meters Wayfinding Problem for People with Visual Impairments. In The 21st International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility - ASSETS '19, 222--235. https://doi.org/10.1145/3308561.3353776Google ScholarDigital Library
- Manaswi Saha, Michael Saugstad, Hanuma Teja Maddali, Aileen Zeng, Ryan Holland, Steven Bower, Aditya Dash, Sage Chen, Anthony Li, Kotaro Hara, and Jon Froehlich. 2019. Project Sidewalk: A Web-based Crowdsourcing Tool for Collecting Sidewalk Accessibility Data At Scale. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI '19, 1--14. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300292Google ScholarDigital Library
- Jorge Saldivar, Cristhian Parra, Marcelo Alcaraz, Rebeca Arteta, and Luca Cernuzzi. 2018. Civic Technology for Social Innovation: A Systematic Literature Review. Computer Supported Cooperative Work: CSCW: An International Journal 27, 3-6: 1215--1253. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10606-018-9311-7Google ScholarDigital Library
- Kelly Shigeno, Sergio Borger, Diego Gallo, Ricardo Herrmann, Mateus Molinaro, Carlos Cardonha, Fernando Koch, and Priscilla Avegliano. 2013. Citizen sensing for collaborative construction of accessibility maps. In W4A 2013 - International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility, 1. https://doi.org/10.1145/2461121.2461153Google ScholarDigital Library
- Lisa Stafford and Claudia Baldwin. 2018. Planning Walkable Neighborhoods: Are We Overlooking Diversity in Abilities and Ages? Journal of Planning Literature 33, 1: 17--30. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412217704649Google ScholarCross Ref
- Kentaro Toyama. 2015. Geek Heresy: Rescuing Social Change from the Cult of Technology.Google Scholar
- Katherine VanHoose and Federico Savini. 2017. The social capital of urban activism. City 21, 3-4: 293--311. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2017.1325207Google ScholarCross Ref
- Raquel Velho. 2019. Transport accessibility for wheelchair users: A qualitative analysis of inclusion and health. International Journal of Transportation Science and Technology 8, 2: 103--115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijtst.2018.04.005Google ScholarCross Ref
- Anthony J Viera, Joanne M Garrett, and others. 2005. Understanding interobserver agreement: the kappa statistic. Fam Med 37, 5: 360--363. Retrieved from http://www.stfm.org/FamilyMedicine/Vol37Issue5/Viera360Google Scholar
- Vasilis Vlachokyriakos, Clara Crivellaro, Christopher A. Le Dantec, Eric Gordon, Pete Wright, and Patrick Olivier. 2016. Digital civics: Citizen empowerment with and through technology. In Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings, 1096--1099. https://doi.org/10.1145/2851581.2886436Google ScholarDigital Library
- Amy Voida, Lynn Dombrowski, Gillian R. Hayes, and Melissa Mazmanian. 2014. Shared values/conflicting logics: working around e-government systems. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 3583--3592. https://doi.org/10.1145/2556288Google ScholarDigital Library
- Martin Wachs and T. Gordon Kumagai. 1973. Physical accessibility as a social indicator. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences 7, 5: 437--456. https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0121(73)90041--4Google ScholarCross Ref
- Lingjing Wang, Cheng Qian, Philipp Kats, Constantine Kontokosta, and Stanislav Sobolevsky. 2017. Structure of 311 service requests as a signature of urban location. PLoS ONE 12, 10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186314Google Scholar
- Sacoby Wilson, Malo Hutson, and Mahasin Mujahid. 2008. How Planning and Zoning Contribute to Inequitable Development, Neighborhood Health, and Environmental Injustice. Environmental Justice 1, 4: 211--216. https://doi.org/10.1089/env.2008.0506Google ScholarCross Ref
- Sacoby M. Wilson, Christopher D. Heaney, John Cooper, and Omega Wilson. 2008. Built Environment Issues in Unserved and Underserved African-American Neighborhoods in North Carolina. Environmental Justice 1, 2: 63--72. https://doi.org/10.1089/env.2008.0509Google ScholarCross Ref
- Miriam Zuk, Ariel H. Bierbaum, Karen Chapple, Karolina Gorska, and Anastasia Loukaitou-Sideris. 2018. Gentrification, Displacement, and the Role of Public Investment. Journal of Planning Literature 33, 1: 31--44. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412217716439Google ScholarCross Ref
- The New Urban Agenda - Habitat III. Retrieved May 10, 2020 from http://habitat3.org/the-new-urban-agenda/Google Scholar
- Public Rights-of-Way - United States Access Board. Retrieved February 14, 2020 from https://www.access-board.gov/guidelines-and-standards/streets-sidewalks/public-rights-of-wayGoogle Scholar
- Chapter 5"Model Sidewalks - United States Access Board. Retrieved February 14, 2020 from https://www.access-board.gov/guidelines-and-standards/streets-sidewalks/public-rights-of-way/guidance-and-research/accessible-public-rights-of-way-planning-and-design-for-alterations/chapter-5-model-sidewalksGoogle Scholar
- Proposed Rights-of-Way Guidelines - United States Access Board. Retrieved February 14, 2020 from https://www.access-board.gov/guidelines-and-standards/streets-sidewalks/public-rights-of-way/proposed-rights-of-way-guidelinesGoogle Scholar
- Part II of II: Best Practices Design Guide - Sidewalk - Publications - Bicycle and Pedestrian Program | US FHWA. Retrieved February 14, 2020 from https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/bicycle_pedestrian/publications/sidewalk2/sidewalks204.cfmGoogle Scholar
- Architectural Barriers Act - United States Access Board. Retrieved December 2, 2019 from https://www.access-board.gov/the-board/laws/architectural-barriers-act-abaGoogle Scholar
- Denver agrees to install curb ramps to comply with federal rules -- The Denver Post. Retrieved February 14, 2020 from https://www.denverpost.com/2016/03/15/denver-agrees-to-install-curb-ramps-to-comply-with-federal-rules/Google Scholar
- Settlement: Seattle to build thousands of sidewalk curb ramps over next 18 years | The Seattle Times. Retrieved July 10, 2019 from https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/settlement-seattle-to-build-thousands-of-sidewalk-curb-ramps-over-next-18-years/Google Scholar
- Curb Ramp Construction | City of Columbus. Retrieved February 14, 2020 from https://www.columbus.gov/publicservice/Design-and-Construction/document-library/Curb-Ramp-Construction/Google Scholar
- Increasing Accessibility City by City -- Curb Ramps | CREEC. Retrieved February 14, 2020 from https://creeclaw.org/increasing-accessibility-city-by-city-curb-ramps/Google Scholar
- 3 Cities Taking On ADA Compliant Curb Ramps | Tekway High Performance ADA Tiles by StrongGo. Retrieved February 14, 2020 from https://www.stronggo.com/blog/3-cities-taking-ada-compliant-curb-rampsGoogle Scholar
- ADA Lawsuits Target Poorly Maintained Sidewalks - CityLab. Retrieved July 10, 2019 from https://www.citylab.com/transportation/2018/08/crumbling-sidewalks-become-a-legal-battleground/567562/Google Scholar
- Opinion | New York Has a Great Subway, if You're Not in a Wheelchair - The New York Times. Retrieved December 5, 2019 from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/29/opinion/new-york-has-a-great-subway-if-youre-not-in-a-wheelchair.htmlGoogle Scholar
- Los Angeles ADA Settlement: Willits v. City of Los Angeles. Retrieved July 10, 2019 from http://www.losangelesadasettlement.org/Google Scholar
- Willits v. City of LA Sidewalk Settlement Announced | Office of Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti. Retrieved July 10, 2019 from https://www.lamayor.org/willits-v-city-la-sidewalk-settlement-announcedGoogle Scholar
- Lan Remme V. City of Seattle and State of Washington / 2013 ? Keith Kessler. Retrieved November 7, 2019 from https://www.keithkesslerlaw.com/cases/2018/8/28/lan-remme-v-city-of-seattle-and-state-of-washington-2013Google Scholar
- Sidewalk Repair Program - Transportation | seattle.gov. Retrieved December 20, 2019 from https://www.seattle.gov/transportation/projects-and-programs/programs/maintenance-and-paving/sidewalk-repair-programGoogle Scholar
- DDOT Guidelines for Comprehensive Transportation Review (CTR) Requirements | ddot. Retrieved February 14, 2020 from https://ddot.dc.gov/publication/ddot-guidelines-comprehensive-transportation-review-ctr-requirementsGoogle Scholar
- pathVu | Pedestrians. Retrieved February 17, 2020 from http://www.pathvu.com/solutions_byrole_pedestriansGoogle Scholar
- Beyond Tech: Policymaking in a Digital Age - Code for America Blog - Medium. Retrieved January 10, 2020 from https://medium.com/code-for-america/beyond-tech-policymaking-in-a-digital-age-2776b9a17b69Google Scholar
- The Right Way to Make Cities Smart - The Atlantic. Retrieved November 23, 2019 from https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/05/the-right-way-to-make-cities-smart/370900/Google Scholar
- Cory Booker calls for tech-empowered open democracy | Pando. Retrieved January 11, 2020 from https://pando.com/2013/03/10/cory-booker-calls-for-tech-empowered-open-democracy/Google Scholar
- What Is 311? Retrieved November 24, 2019 from https://www.govtech.com/dc/articles/What-is-311.htmlGoogle Scholar
- SeeClickFix | 311 Request and Work Management Software. Retrieved March 21, 2018 from https://en.seeclickfix.com/Google Scholar
- Street Bump. Retrieved March 22, 2018 from http://www.streetbump.org/Google Scholar
- Find It, Fix It - Service Request Mobile App - Customer Service Bureau | seattle.gov. Retrieved November 24, 2019 from https://www.seattle.gov/customer-service-bureau/find-it-fix-it-mobile-appGoogle Scholar
- MRSC - City and Town Forms of Government. Retrieved March 19, 2020 from http://mrsc.org/Home/Explore-Topics/Legal/General-Government/City-and-Town-Forms-of-Government.aspxGoogle Scholar
- Neighborhood walk-throughs help Rome officials witness problems firsthand - News - Uticaod - Utica, NY. Retrieved March 6, 2020 from https://www.uticaod.com/news/20160720/neighborhood-walk-throughs-help-rome-officials-witness-problems-firsthandGoogle Scholar
- Data Collection App | Collector for ArcGIS - Capture Field Data. Retrieved August 9, 2019 from https://www.esri.com/en-us/arcgis/products/collector-for-arcgis/overviewGoogle Scholar
- Cyclomedia. Retrieved May 31, 2020 from https://www.cyclomedia.com/usGoogle Scholar
- Service Requests (311) - Datasets - US City Open Data Census. Retrieved November 24, 2019 from http://us-city.census.okfn.org/dataset/service-requestsGoogle Scholar
- How Civic Technology Can Help Stop a Pandemic | Foreign Affairs. Retrieved May 14, 2020 from https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/asia/2020-03--20/how-civic-technology-can-help-stop-pandemic?utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter_cta&utm_campaign=cta_share_buttonsGoogle Scholar
- Property Owners? Responsibilities - Transportation | seattle.gov. Retrieved May 14, 2020 from https://www.seattle.gov/transportation/projects-and-programs/programs/maintenance-and-paving/property-owners-responsibilitiesGoogle Scholar
- NYC DOT - New York City Administrative Code Sidewalk Rules. Retrieved May 14, 2020 from https://www1.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/infrastructure/19-152.shtmlGoogle Scholar
- Sidewalk Repair | ddot. Retrieved February 14, 2020 from https://ddot.dc.gov/node/544192Google Scholar
- Shovel Your Sidewalk | ddot. Retrieved May 14, 2020 from https://ddot.dc.gov/page/shovel-your-sidewalkGoogle Scholar
- Lawmakers approve 'block the box' bill allowing Seattle to ticket drivers for blocking crosswalks, bus lanes | Q13 FOX News. Retrieved May 18, 2020 from https://q13fox.com/2020/03/10/lawmakers-approve-block-the-box-bill-allowing-seattle-to-ticket-drivers-for-blocking-crosswalks-bus-lanes/Google Scholar
- Don't Block the Box Bill Passes State Legislature | The Urbanist. Retrieved May 18, 2020 from https://www.theurbanist.org/2020/03/09/dont-block-the-box-bill-passes-state-legislature/Google Scholar
- How Mesa is Using Data to Guide CARES Relief -- CitiesSpeak. Retrieved April 30, 2020 from https://citiesspeak.org/2020/04/27/how-mesa-is-using-data-to-guide-cares-relief/Google Scholar
- Technology Is Not the Answer - The Atlantic. Retrieved April 1, 2020 from https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2011/03/technology-is-not-the-answer/73065/Google Scholar
- How Congress turns citizens? voices into data points. Retrieved May 8, 2020 from https://theconversation.com/how-congress-turns-citizens-voices-into-data-points-120869Google Scholar
- Rock Spring and White Flint 2 Design Guidelines | Montgomery Planning. Retrieved May 16, 2020 from https://montgomeryplanning.org/planning/communities/area-2/rock-spring-and-white-flint-2-design-guidelines/Google Scholar
- Chapter 4: Ramps and Curb Ramps - United States Access Board. Retrieved May 14, 2020 from https://www.access-board.gov/guidelines-and-standards/buildings-and-sites/about-the-ada-standards/guide-to-the-ada-standards/chapter-4-ramps-and-curb-rampsGoogle Scholar
- 2019. Delivery-driven Policy, Policy designed for the digital age. Retrieved from http://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/codeforamerica-cms1/documents/delivery-driven-policy-code-for-america.pdfGoogle Scholar
Index Terms
- Urban Accessibility as a Socio-Political Problem: A Multi-Stakeholder Analysis
Recommendations
Significance of socio-cultural, political and historical factors for the introduction of e-participation in Switzerland
ICEGOV '14: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic GovernanceThe arrival of new technologies in the public sector and the connected re-definition of ways public administrations interact with citizens is currently a burning topic. Despite numerous research projects exploring the introduction of electronic ...
The Bangladesh Justice Audit
ICEGOV '17: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic GovernanceThe Bangladesh Constitution guarantees human rights, freedom, equality, justice and rule of law for all citizens. Article 33(1) ensures the rights for each citizen to legal support and article 35(3) affirms that every person accused of a criminal ...
Between Grassroots and the Hierarchy: Lessons Learned from the Design of a Public Services Directory
CHI '18: Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing SystemsThere is a growing interest in HCI research studying technology for citizen engagement in civic issues. We are now seeing issues around technologies for empowerment and participation, long discussed in HCI literature, appropriated and formalised in ...
Comments