Abstract
We conducted two experiments that compared distance perception in real and virtual environments in six visual presentation methods using either timed imagined walking or direct blindfolded walking, while controlling for several other factors that could potentially impact distance perception. Our presentation conditions included unencumbered real world, real world seen through an HMD, virtual world seen through an HMD, augmented reality seen through an HMD, virtual world seen on multiple, large immersive screens, and photo-based presentation of the real world seen on multiple, large immersive screens. We found that there was a similar degree of underestimation of distance in the HMD and large-screen presentations of virtual environments. We also found that while wearing the HMD can cause some degree of distance underestimation, this effect depends on the measurement protocol used. Finally, we found that photo-based presentation did not help to improve distance perception in a large-screen immersive display system. The discussion focuses on points of similarity and difference with previous work on distance estimation in real and virtual environments.
- Bodenheimer, B., Meng, J., Wu, H., Narasimham, G., Rump, B., McNamara, T. P., Carr, T. H., and Rieser, J. J. 2007. Distance estimation in virtual and real environments using bisection. In Proceedings of the 4th Symposium on Applied Perception in Graphics and Visualization (APGV'07). ACM, New York, 35--40. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Creem-Regehr, S. H., Willemsen, P., Gooch, A. A., and Thompson, W. B. 2003. The influence of restricted viewing conditions on egocentric distance perception: Implications for real and virtual environments. Percept. 34, 2, 191--204.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Jones, J. A., J. Edward Swan I, Singh, G., Kolstad, E., and Ellis, S. R. 2008. The effects of virtual reality, augmented reality, and motion parallax on egocentric depth perception. In Proceedings of the 5th Symposium on Applied Perception in Graphics and Visualization (APGV'08). ACM, New York, 9--14. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Klein, E., Swan, J. E., Schmidt, G. S., Livingston, M. A., and Staadt, O. G. 2009. Measurement protocols for medium-field distance perception in large-screen immersive displays. In Proceedings of the Virtual Reality Conference (VR'09). 107--113. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Kunz, B. R., Creem-Regehr, S. H., and Thompson, W. B. 2009. Evidence for motor simulation in imagined locomotion. J. Exper. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 35, 5, 1458--1471.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Lappin, J. S., Shelton, A. L., and Reiser, J. J. 2006. Environmental context influences visually perceived distance. Percept. Psychophys. 68, 4, 571--581.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Loomis, J. M. and Knapp, J. M. 2003. Visual perception of egocentric distance in real and virtual environments. In Virtual and Adaptive Environments: Applications, Implications, and Human Performance Issues, L. J. Hettinger and M. W. Haas, Eds. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 21--46.Google Scholar
- Messing, R. and Durgin, F. H. 2005. Distance perception and the visual horizon in head-mounted displays. ACM Trans. Appl. Percept. 2, 3, 234--250. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ooi, T., Wu, B., and He, Z. 2001. Distance determined by the angular declination below the horizon. Nature 414, 197--200.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Plumert, J. M., Kearney, J. K., Cremer, J. F., and Recker, K. 2005. Distance perception in real and virtual environments. ACM Trans. Appl. Percept. 2, 3, 216--233. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Thompson, W. B., Willemsen, P., Gooch, A. A., Creem-Regehr, S. H., Loomis, J. M., and Beall, A. C. 2004. Does the quality of the computer graphics matter when judging distances in visually immersive environments. Presence: Teleoper. Virtual Environ. 13, 5, 560--571. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Willemsen, P., Colton, M. B., Creem-Regehr, S. H., and Thompson, W. B. 2009. The effects of head-mounted display mechanical properties and field of view on distance judgments in virtual environments. ACM Trans. Appl. Percept. 6, 2, 1--14. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Witmer, B. G. and Sadowski, W. J. 1998. Nonvisually guided locomotion to a previously viewed target in real and virtual environments. Hum. Factors 40, 33, 478--488.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Wu, B., Ooi, T., and He, Z. 2004. Perceiving distance accurately by a directional process of integrating ground information. Nature 428, 73--77.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Ziemer, C. J., Plumert, J. M., Cremer, J. F., and Kearney, J. K. 2009. Estimating distance in real and virtual environments: Does order make a difference? Attent. Percept. Psychophys. 71, 5, 1095--1106.Google ScholarCross Ref
Index Terms
- How does presentation method and measurement protocol affect distance estimation in real and virtual environments?
Recommendations
A Comparison of Distance Estimation in HMD-Based Virtual Environments with Different HMD-Based Conditions
Underestimation of egocentric distances in immersive virtual environments using various head-mounted displays (HMDs) has been a puzzling topic of research interest for several years. As more commodity-level systems become available to developers, it is ...
Distance perception in real and virtual environments
We conducted three experiments to compare distance perception in real and virtual environments. In Experiment 1, adults estimated how long it would take to walk to targets in real and virtual environments by starting and stopping a stopwatch while ...
Egocentric distance perception in real and HMD-based virtual environments: the effect of limited scanning method
APGV '11: Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on Applied Perception in Graphics and VisualizationWe conducted four experiments on egocentric depth perception using blind walking with a restricted scanning method in both the real and a virtual environment. Our viewing condition in all experiments was monocular. We varied the field of view (real), ...
Comments