Robert L. Cook
Kenneth E. Torrance
Abstract
This paper presents a new reflectance model for rendering computer synthesized images. The model accounts for the relative brightness of different materials and light sources in the same scene. It describes the directional distribution of the reflected light and a color shift that occurs as the reflectance changes with incidence angle. The paper presents a method for obtaining the spectral energy distribution of the light reflected from an object made of a specific real material and discusses a procedure for accurately reproducing the color associated with the spectral energy distribution. The model is applied to the simulation of a metal and a plastic.
- 1 Barkman, E. F., "Specular and Diffuse Reflectance Measurements of Aluminum Surfaces," Appearance of Metallic Surfaces, American Society for Testing and Materials Special Technical Publication 478, pp. 46-58, 1970.Google Scholar
Cross Ref
- 2 Beckmann, Petr and Spizzichino, Andre, The Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves from Rough Surfaces, MacMillan, pp. 1-33, 70-98, 1963.Google Scholar
- 3 Bennett, H. E. and Porteus, J. O., "Relation Between Surface Roughness and Specular Reflectance at Normal Incidence," Journal of the Optical Society of America, v.51 pp. 123-129, 1961.Google ScholarCross Ref
- 4 Blinn, James F. and Newell, Martin E., "Texture and Reflection in Computer Generated Images," Communications of the ACM, v.19 pp. 542-547, 1976. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 5 Blinn, James F., "Models of Light Reflection for Computer Synthesized Pictures," SIGGRAPH 1977 Proceedings, Computer Graphics, v.11 #2 pp. 192-198, 1977. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 6 Blinn, James F., "Computer Display of Curved Surfaces," PhD dissertation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 1978. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 7 CIE International Commission on Illumination, "Official Recommendations of the International Commission on Illumination," Publication CIE No. 15, Colorimetry (E-1.3.1), /Bureau Central de la CIE, Paris,* 1970.Google Scholar
- 8 Davies, H., "The Reflection of Electromagnetic Waves from a Rough Surface," Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, v. 101 pp. 209-214, 1954.Google Scholar
- 9 Gubareff, G. G., Janssen, J. E., and Torborg, R. H., Thermal Radiation Properties Survey: A Review of the Literature, Honeywell Research Center, Minneapolis, 1960.Google Scholar
- 10 Hunter, Richard S., The Measurement of Appearance, John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 26-30, 1975.Google Scholar
- 11 Judd, Deane B., and Wyszecki, Guenter, Color in Business, Science, and Industry, John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 170-172, 1975.Google Scholar
- 12 Meyer, Gary W., and Greenberg, Donald P., "Perceptual Color Spaces for Computer Graphics," SIGGRAPH 1980 Proceedings, Computer Graphics, v.14 #3 pp. 254-261, 1980. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 13 Phong, Bui Tuong, "Illumination for Computer-Generated Images," PhD dissertation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 1973. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 14 Phong, Bui Tuong, "Illumination for Computer Generated Pictures," Communications of the ACM, v.18 pp. 311-317, 1975. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 15 Porteus, J. O., "Relation between the Height Distribution of a Rough Surface and the Reflectance at Normal Incidence," Journal of the Optical Society of America, v.53 pp. 1394-1402, 1963.Google ScholarCross Ref
- 16 Purdue University, Thermophysical Properties of Matter, vol. 7: Thermal Radiative Properties of Metals, 1970.Google Scholar
- 17 Purdue University, Thermophysical Properties of Matter, vol. 8: Thermal Radiative Properties of Nonmetallic Solids, 1970.Google Scholar
- 18 Purdue University, Thermophysical Properties of Matter, vol. 9: Thermal Radiative Properties of Coatings, 1970.Google Scholar
- 19 Siegel, Robert and Howell, John R., Thermal Radiation Heat Transfer, McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 64-73, 1980.Google Scholar
- 20 Sparrow, Ephraim M. and Cess, R. D., Radiation Heat Transfer, McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 64-68, 1978.Google Scholar
- 21 Torrance, Kenneth E. and Sparrow, Ephraim M., "Biangular Reflectance of an Electric Nonconductor as a Function of Wavelength and Surface Roughness," Journal of Heat Transfer, v.87 pp. 283-292, 1965.Google ScholarCross Ref
- 22 Torrance, Kenneth E. and Sparrow, Ephraim M., "Theory for Off-Specular Reflection From Roughened Surfaces," Journal of the Optical Society of America, v.57 pp. 1105-1114, September 1967.Google ScholarCross Ref
- 23 Whitted, Turner, "An Improved Illumination Model for Shaded Display," Communications of the ACM, v.23 pp. 343-349, 1980. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 24 Whitted, Turner, private communication.Google Scholar
Index Terms
- A reflectance model for computer graphics
Recommendations
Filtering and Rendering of Resolution-Dependent Reflectance Models
The apparent reflectance of a surface depends upon the resolution at which it is imaged. Conventional reflectance models represent reflection at a single predetermined resolution; however, a low-resolution pixel that views a greater surface area often ...
An improved illumination model for shaded display
To accurately render a two-dimensional image of a three-dimensional scene, global illumination information that affects the intensity of each pixel of the image must be known at the time the intensity is calculated. In a simplified form, this ...
An improved illumination model for shaded display
SIGGRAPH '05: ACM SIGGRAPH 2005 CoursesTo accurately render a two-dimensional image of a three-dimensional scene, global illumination information that affects the intensity of each pixel of the image must be known at the time the intensity is calculated. In a simplified form, this ...
Comments