Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Experimental effects of dynamics and thermodynamics in nuclear reactions on the symmetry energy as seen by the CHIMERA 4\( \pi\) detector

  • Review
  • Published:
The European Physical Journal A Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract.

Heavy-ion collisions have been widely used in the last decade to constrain the parameterizations of the symmetry energy term of the nuclear equation of state (EOS) for asymmetric nuclear matter as a function of baryonic density. In the Fermi energy domain one is faced with variations of the density within a narrow range of values around the saturation density \( \rho_{0}=0.16\) fm-3 down towards sub-saturation densities. The experimental observables which are sensitive to the symmetry energy are constructed starting from the detected light particles, clusters and heavy fragments that, in heavy-ion collisions, are generally produced by different emission mechanisms at different stages and time scales of the reaction. In this review the effects of dynamics and thermodynamics on the symmetry energy in nuclear reactions are discussed and characterized using an overview of the data taken so far with the CHIMERA multi detector array.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Bao-An Li, Lie-Wen Chen, Che Ming Ko, Phys. Rep. 464, 113 (2008)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. Bao-An Li, W.U. Schröder (Editors), Isospin Physics in Heavy Ion Collisions at Intermediate Energies, (Nova Science Publishing, Inc., Huntington, NY, 2001)

  3. M.B. Tsang et al., Phys. Rev. C 86, 015803 (2012)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  4. J.M. Lattimer, M. Prakash, Phys. Rep. 442, 109 (2007)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. M.B. Tsang et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 122701 (2009)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. E. Galichet et al., Phys. Rev. C 79, 064614 (2009)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. E. Galichet, M. Colonna, B. Borderie, M.F. Rivet, Phys. Rev. C 79, 064615 (2009)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. M.A. Famiano et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 052701 (2006)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. Z. Kohley et al., Phys. Rev. C 83, 044601 (2011)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. H.S. Xu et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 716 (2000)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. M.B. Tsang et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 5023 (2001)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. F. Amorini et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 112701 (2009)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. E. De Filippo et al., Phys. Rev. C 86, 014610 (2012)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  14. J.B. Natowitz et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 202501 (2010)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. R. Wada et al., Phys. Rev. C 85, 064618 (2012)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  16. W. Trautmann, H.H. Wolter, Int. J. Mod. Phys. E 21, 1230003 (2012)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. P. Russotto et al., J. Phys: Conf. Ser. 420, 012092 (2013)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  18. P. Russotto et al., Phys. Lett. B 697, 471 (2011)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  19. P. Marini et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 707, 80 (2013)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. A. Pagano et al., Nucl. Phys. A 734, 504 (2004)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  21. A. Pagano, Nucl. Phys. News 22, 28 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  22. N. Le Neindre et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 490, 251 (2002)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  23. M. Alderighi et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 489, 257 (2002)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  24. M. Alderighi et al., IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 52, 1624 (2005)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  25. S. Pirrone et al., AIP Conf. Proc. 1524, 7 (2013)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  26. G. Raciti et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 266, 4632 (2008)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. L. Acosta et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 715, 56 (2013)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  28. C. Cavata et al., Phys. Rev. C 42, 1760 (1990)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  29. P. Russotto, Doctoral Thesis, Catania University (2006)

  30. V. Baran, M. Colonna, V. Greco, M. Di Toro, Phys. Rep. 410, 335 (2005)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  31. R. Płaneta et al., Phys. Rev. C 77, 014610 (2008)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  32. E. De Filippo et al., Phys. Rev. C 71, 044602 (2005)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  33. E. Geraci et al., Nucl. Phys. A 732, 173 (2004)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  34. J.D. Frankland et al., Nucl. Phys. A 689, 905 (2001)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  35. B. Borderie, J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 28, R217 (2002)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  36. L. Francalanza et al., J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 420, 012084 (2013)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  37. C.P. Montoya et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 3070 (1994)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  38. V. Baran, M. Colonna, M. Di Toro, Nucl. Phys. A 730, 329 (2004)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  39. J.F. Dempsey et al., Phys. Rev. C 54, 1710 (1996)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  40. M. Di Toro, A. Olmi, R. Roy, Eur. Phys. J. A 30, 65 (2006)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  41. V. Baran et al., Phys. Rev. C 72, 064620 (2005)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  42. E. De Filippo, Proceedings of the INPC 2013 Conference (Firenze, Italy 2-7 June 2013), to be published in EPJ Web of Conferences

  43. Z. Kohley et al., Phys. Rev. C 86, 044605 (2012)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  44. L. Gingras et al., Phys. Rev. C 65, 061604(R) (2002)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  45. S. Piantelli et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 052701 (2002)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  46. S. Hudan et al., Phys. Rev. C 86, 021603(R) (2012)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  47. P. Russotto et al., Phys. Rev. C 81, 064605 (2010)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  48. V. Baran, M. Colonna, M. Di Toro, R. Zus et al., Phys. Rev. C 85, 054611 (2012)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  49. L.G. Sobotka et al., Phys. Rev. C 62, 031603 (2000)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  50. S. Piantelli et al., Phys. Rev. C 74, 034609 (2006)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  51. J. Wilczyński et al., Int. J. Mod. Phys. E 14, 353 (2005)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  52. D.J. Hinde et al., Nucl. Phys. A 472, 318 (1987)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  53. E. De Filippo et al., Phys. Rev. C 71, 064604 (2005)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  54. J. Rizzo et al., Nucl. Phys. A 806, 79 (2008)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  55. M. Papa et al., Phys. Rev. C 75, 054616 (2007)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  56. M. Papa, T. Maruyama, A. Bonasera, Phys. Rev. C 64, 024612 (2001)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  57. E. De Filippo et al., J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 420, 012105 (2013)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  58. J. Lukasik et al., Phys. Rev. C 55, 1906 (1997)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  59. D.V. Shetty et al., Phys. Rev. C 68, 054605 (2003)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  60. D. Theriault et al., Phys. Rev. C 74, 051602(R) (2006)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  61. S. Barlini et al., Phys. Rev. C 87, 054607 (2013)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  62. L. Sobotka, Phys. Rev C 50, 1272(R) (1994)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  63. J.M. Lattimer, Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 62, 485 (2012)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  64. I. Lombardo et al., Phys. Rev. C 82, 014608 (2010)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  65. K. Brown et al., Phys. Rev. C 87, 061601R (2013)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  66. R.J. Charity et al., Nucl. Phys. A 483, 371 (1988)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  67. I. Skwira-Chalot et al., Int. J. Mod. Phys. E 21, 1250033 (2012)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  68. P. Glässel et al., Z. Phys. A 310, 189 (1983)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  69. A.A. Stefanini et al., Z. Phys. A 351, 167 (1995)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  70. F. Bocage et al., Nucl. Phys. A 676, 391 (2000)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  71. J. Colin et al., Phys. Rev. C 67, 064603 (2003)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  72. A.B. McIntosh et al., Phys. Rev. C 81, 034603 (2010)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  73. G. Casini et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 2567 (1993)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  74. J. Wilczyński et al., Phys. Rev. C 81, 024605 (2010)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  75. I. Skwira-Chalot et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 262701 (2008)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  76. J. Wilczyński et al., Phys. Rev. C 81, 067604 (2010)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  77. Y. Li et al., Nucl. Phys. A 902, 1 (2013)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  78. P. Russotto, to be submitted

  79. The INKIISSY experiment (Inverse Kinematics Isobaric System) was performed at INFN-LNS on May 2013 by the EXOCHIM Collaboration

  80. J. Tian et al., Phys. Rev. C 82, 054608 (2010)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  81. M.B. Tsang et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 062701 (2004)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  82. I. Lombardo et al., J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 420, 012094 (2013)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  83. Z.Y. Sun et al., Phys. Rev. C 82, 051603(R) (2010)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  84. Bao-An Li, G.C. Yong, W. Zuo, Phys. Rev. C 71, 014608 (2005)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  85. T.X. Liu et al., Phys. Rev. C 76, 034603 (2007)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  86. A.L. Keksis et al., Phys. Rev. C 81, 054602 (2010)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  87. B. Davin et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 473, 302 (2001)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  88. F. Rami et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 1120 (2000)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  89. G. Lehaut et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 232701 (2010)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  90. Y. Zhang, Z. Li, Phys. Rev. C 71, 024604 (2005)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  91. Y. Zhang et al., Phys. Rev. C 85, 024602 (2012)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  92. A. Steiner, S. Gandolfi, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 081102 (2012)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  93. A. Steiner, J.M. Lattimer, E.F. Brown, Astrophys. J. Lett. 765, 1 (2013)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  94. A. Carbone et al., Phys. Rev. C 81, 041301(R) (2010)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  95. X. Roca-Maza et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 252501 (2011)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  96. S. Carboni et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 664, 251 (2012)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  97. M.B. Tsang et al., Phys. Rev. C 64, 054615 (2001)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  98. A. Le Févre et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 162701 (2005)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  99. M. Colonna, M.B. Tsang, Eur. Phys. J. A 30, 165 (2006)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  100. S. Galanopoulos et al., Nucl. Phys. A 837, 145 (2010)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  101. A.S. Botvina, O.V. Lozhkin, W. Trautmann, Phys. Rev. C 65, 044610 (2002)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  102. D.V. Shetty, S.J. Yennello, G.A. Souliotis, Phys. Rev. C 76, 024606 (2007)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  103. A. Ono et al., Phys. Rev. C 68, 051601R (2003)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  104. C.A. Dorso, P.A. Giménez Molinelli, J.A. López, J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 38, 115101 (2011)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  105. M. Colonna, F. Matera, Phys. Rev. C 71, 064605 (2005)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  106. P. Marini et al., Phys. Rev. C 85, 034617 (2012)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  107. E. Geraci et al., Eur. Phys. J. ST 150, 21 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  108. E. De Filippo et al., Acta. Phys. Pol. B 37, 199 (2006)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  109. H. Singh et al., EPJ Web of Conference 31, 00014 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  110. S. Wuenschel et al., Phys. Rev. C 79, 061602(R) (2009)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  111. M.V. Ricciardi et al., Nucl. Phys. A 733, 299 (2004)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  112. M. D’Agostino et al., Nucl. Phys. A 875, 139 (2012)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  113. G. Lanzanò et al., Phys. Lett. B 332, 31 (1994)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  114. L.B. Yang et al., Phys. Rev. C 60, 041602(R) (2005)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  115. E.M. Winchester et al., Phys. Rev. C 63, 014601 (2000)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  116. G. Ademard et al., Phys. Rev. C 83, 054619 (2011)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  117. M. D’Agostino et al., Nucl. Phys. A 861, 47 (2011)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  118. J. Su, F.S. Zhang, B.A. Bian, Phys. Rev. C 83, 014608 (2011)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  119. Ad.R. Raduta, F. Gulminelli, Phys. Rev. C 75, 044605 (2007)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  120. J.R. Winkelbauer, S.R. Souza, M.B. Tsang, Phys. Rev. C 88, 044613 (2013)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  121. W.A. Friedman, G.F. Bertsch, Phys. Rev. C 76, 057301 (2007)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  122. G. Casini et al., Phys. Rev. C 86, 011602(R) (2012)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  123. I. Lombardo et al., Phys. Rev. C 84, 024613 (2011)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  124. P. Lautesse et al., Eur. Phys. J. A 27, 349 (2006)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  125. R. Moro et al., Eur. Phys. J. A 48, 159 (2012)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  126. A. Sierk, Phys. Rev. Lett. 55, 582 (1985)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  127. P. Danielewicz, J. Lee, Nucl Phys. A 818, 36 (2009) and arXiv:1307:4130 (2013) to be published in Nucl. Phys. A

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  128. M. Colonna et al., Phys. Rev. C 57, 1410 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  129. G. Cardella et al., Phys. Rev. C 85, 064609 (2012)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  130. M. Papa, G. Giuliani, Eur. Phys. J. A 39, 117 (2009)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  131. M. Colonna, A. Ono, J. Rizzo, Phys. Rev. C 82, 054613 (2010)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  132. D.D.S. Coupland et al., Phys. Rev. C 84, 054603 (2011)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  133. G. Verde, A. Chbihi, R. Ghetti, J. Helgesson, Eur. Phys. J. A 30, 81 (2006)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  134. Ad.R. Raduta et al., Phys. Lett. B 705, 65 (2011)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  135. G. Verde et al., J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 420, 012158 (2013)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  136. S. Nyibule et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 728, 36 (2013)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. INFN, Sezione di Catania, via S. Sofia 64, 95123, Catania, Italy

    E. De Filippo & A. Pagano

Authors
  1. E. De Filippo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. A. Pagano
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to E. De Filippo.

Additional information

Communicated by A. Ramos

Contribution to the Topical Issue “Nuclear Symmetry Energy” edited by Bao-An Li, Àngels Ramos, Giuseppe Verde, Isaac Vidaña.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

De Filippo, E., Pagano, A. Experimental effects of dynamics and thermodynamics in nuclear reactions on the symmetry energy as seen by the CHIMERA 4\( \pi\) detector. Eur. Phys. J. A 50, 32 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/i2014-14032-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/i2014-14032-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation