Back, neck, and shoulder pain in Finnish adolescents: national cross sectional surveys
BMJ 2002; 325 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.325.7367.743 (Published 05 October 2002) Cite this as: BMJ 2002;325:743
- Paula Hakala, research fellow (paula.hakala{at}hel.fi)a,
- Arja Rimpelä, professor of community healtha,
- Jouko J Salminen, chief physicianb,
- Suvi M Virtanen, senior researcher of Finnish Academya,
- Matti Rimpelä, professorc
- aTampere School of Public Health, University of Tampere, FIN-33014 Tampere, Finland
- bDepartment of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Hospital of Turku, Box 52, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland
- cNational Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health, Box 220, FIN-00531 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence to: P Hakala
- Accepted 5 April 2002
Abstract
Objectives: To study changes in pain of the back and neck in adolescents between 1985 and 2001 and pain of the neck, shoulder, and lower back between 1991 and2001.
Design: Biennial nationwide postal surveys, 1985-2001, and annual classroom surveys, 1996-2001.
Setting: Finland.
Participants: 62 677 12, 14, 16, and 18 year olds and 127 217 14-16 year olds.
Main outcome measures: Pain in the back and neck, neck and shoulder, or lower back, at least weekly.
Results: Prevalence of pain in the back and neck was greater in the 1990s than in the 1980s and increased steadily from 1993 to 1997. Pain of the neck and shoulder and pain of the lower back was much more common in 1999 than in 1991 and in 2001 than in 1999. Pain was more common among girls and older groups: pain of the neck and shoulder affected 24% of girls and 12% of boys in 14 year olds, 38% of girls and 16% of boys in 16 year olds, and 45% of girls and 19% of boys in 18 year olds; pain in the lower back affected 8% of girls and 7% of boys in 14 year olds, 14% of girls and 11% of boys in 16 year olds, and 17% of boysand 13% of girls in 18 year olds.
Conclusion: Pain in the neck, shoulder, and lower back is becoming morecommon in Finnish adolescents. This pain suggests a new disease burden of degenerativemusculoskeletal disorders in future adults.
What is already known on this topic
Back pain, particularly of the lower back, is common in children and adolescents, and the lifetime prevalence of back pain is in the range 30-51%
Neck-shoulder pain has been little studied in children and adolescents
Degeneration of lower lumbar discs has been observed at the age of 15 and is a significant risk factor for chronic lower back pain in early adulthood
What this study adds
In two independent data sets—one for the lower back and another for neck-shoulder—the prevalence of pain increased in adolescents through the 1990s, particularly in the latter half of the decade
Neck-shoulder pain is common in 12-18 year olds
Introduction
Pain in the neck and shoulder and in the back in adolescence has not been considered as a widespread problem, and only a few studies have been published. A survey in the early 1980s found that more than 20% of Finnish 11-17 year olds had back or neck pain.1 In the 1990s, population surveys confirmed that back pain, particularly in the lower back, was common in children and adolescents.2–4 In studies with a sample size of at least 300, the lifetime prevalence of back pain in the range 30-51%.5 A Finnish population survey in 1991 found 15% of 12-18 year olds had pain in the neck-shoulder at least once a week, and 8% had pain in the lower back.6Among Finnish 10-12 year olds, about 30% had musculoskeletal pain at least weekly; painin lower limbs and the neck was most common.7
Among adults, back pain can be disabling and lead to economic loss.8 Most people experience pain of the back, neck, and shoulder at some time, although few have pain over long periods. In Finland, 80% of people aged 30 years and older have experienced some back pain; half these people have had pain more than five times.9
Degeneration of the lower lumbar discs has been discovered in 15 year olds; it may be a risk factor for chronic pain of the lower back in early adulthood.10Also, in a one year follow up of 10-12 year olds, musculoskeletal pain symptoms, especially neck pain, were common.7These two recent longitudinal studies consider the increase in back and neck-shoulder pain in adolescents from a public health point of view. An increase in pain in adolescents suggests more musculoskeletal pain and more disability and economic loss in adulthood.
We studied changes in back and neck-shoulder pain in Finnish adolescents from 1985 to 2001. In these 16 years, the everyday life of adolescents changed substantially, particularly because of their use of new technology.11 We used two Finnish population surveys: the adolescent health and lifestyle survey, which covers the entire period, and the school health promotion survey, which covers 1996-2001.
Participants and methods
Adolescent health and lifestyle survey
The nationwide adolescent health and lifestyle survey started in 1977.12Questionnaires for self completion were sent to nationally representative samples of 12, 14, 16, and 18 year olds biennially in February, with two further attempts to contact those who do not respond. We obtained samples from the population register centre by selecting all Finns born on certain adjacent dates in summer. The survey was approved by the ethics committee of the department of public health of the University of Helsinki. We used data from 1985 to 2001 (table 1. The mean ages of respondents were 12.6, 14.6, 16.6, and 18.6 years. The timing of the study, sampling, and data collection methods were similar throughout the study period, but the questions were different.
Adolescents responding to the two surveys on back, neck, and shoulder pain. Values are numbers (percentages)
The survey asked three questions about back and neck-shoulder pain. In 1985-9 and 1993-7, one question on back-neck pain was used: “Have you had back or neck pain during the past half a year?” The alternatives answers were (a) seldom or not at all, (b) about once a month, (c) about once a week, and (d) almost daily. In the analysis, (c) and (d) were merged into a “pain at least weekly” category and (a) and (b) into the contrasting category. “Daily pain” (d) was also analysed separately.
In 1991, 1999, and 2001, neck-shoulder and lower back pain was elicited by separate questions: “Have you had neck or shoulder pain during the past half a year?” and, “Have you had low back pain during the past half a year?” The alternatives provided were the same as for back-neck pain, and, in the analysis, the data were merged as before. Depending on age and sex, 2-4% of the data were missing.
School health promotion survey
The school health promotion survey is a classroom survey focusing on adolescent health, health behaviour, and behaviour in school and has been carried out annually in Finland, since 1996. The survey was approved by the ethics committee of Tampere University Hospital. In 1996, 1998, and 2000, students in the eighth and ninth grades of secondary schools (14-16 year olds) participated in the study from Helsinki, southwestern Finland, eastern Finland, central Finland, and Lapland; and in 1997, 1999, and 2001, from western Finland. Only schools that participated in all three years were included: a total of 109 in 1996, 1998, and 2000, and 107 in 1997, 1999, and 2001. The number children who responded is given in table 1. The 12% who did not respond were absent from school on the day of the study. Depending on age and sex, 2-6% of the data were missing. The questions were phrased as in the adolescent health and lifestyle surveys in 1991, 1999, and 2001.
Reliability of information
We selected subsamples from the original adolescent health and lifestyle survey by systematic sampling (selecting every fifth person, after randomising the first) in 1993 (16 year olds), 1995 (16-18 year olds), 1997 (14 year olds), and 2001 (14 year olds). Four to six weeks after receipt of the completed original questionnaires, we sent out identical questionnaires again. We usedκcoefficients to measure the reliability between the test and the retest of weekly symptoms. The results for back and neck pain were good (0.48-0.67). For neck-shoulder and lower back pain, κ coefficients were approximately 0.6. We could not expect absolute agreement because the study was done in the past six months.
Statistical analysis
The data for 2001 were divided into five categories according to the return date of the questionnaire. There were no systematic or significant differences in the prevalence of symptoms between the categories in the entire population or by age and sex. Logistic regression analysis was applied to study the association of explanatory variables (year, age, and sex) using SPSS (version 9.0.1).
Results
Adolescent health and lifestyle survey, 1985-2001
Back and neck pain was measured in 1985-9 and 1993-7. Prevalence increased with age and was more common in girls (fig 1).
Prevalence of pain of back and neck occurring at least weekly, 1985-97
Mean prevalence of weekly pain in the back and neck was greater in 1993-7 than in 1985-9, and there was a steady increase from 1993 to 1997, in each age and sex group (fig 1). Odds ratios for 14-18 year olds, adjusted for age, in 1989 compared to 1985 were not significantly different (table 2). After 1993 in girls and after 1995 in boys, however, differences were significant and increasing. We found no interaction between age and study year or between sex and study year in logistic regression analyses. In 12 year old girls (fig 1), an increasing trend was observed and the differences between the years were significant (P<0.001), but among boys the curve was U shaped (P=0.006). There was a similar increase in the number with pain every day.
Odds ratio of pain in back and neck in 14-18 year olds, adjusted for age (adolescent health and lifestyle survey)
Adolescent health and lifestyle survey
Neck-shoulder and lower back pain were measured in 1991, 1999, and 2001. Both symptoms were more common among girls and in older groups (figs2 and 3).
Prevalence of at least weekly neck-shoulder pain in 1991-2001 (adolescent health and lifestyle survey; 12, 14, 16, and 18 year olds groups) and in 1996-2000 and 1997-2001 (school health promotion survey; 14-16 year olds group)
Prevalence of at least weekly lower back pain in 1991-2001 (adolescent heath and lifestyle survey; 12, 14, 16, and 18 year olds groups) and in 1996-2000 and 1997-2001 (school health promotion survey; 14-16 yearolds group)
Among 12-18 year olds, prevalence of neck-shoulder and lower back pain was higher in 1999-2001 than in 1991, with an increasing trend between these years, for most groups (figure 2). Odds ratios, adjusted for age, were significantly higher in 1999-2001 than in 1991 among both sexes (table 3) with no interaction between age and study year or between sex and study year in logistic regression analyses.
Odds ratios for pain at least weekly in 14-18 year old Finns
Prevalence of weekly neck-shoulder and lower back pain was much lower in 12 year olds than in older age groups (figs 2 and 3). The differences in prevalence of neck-shoulder pain between the years were significant (P=0.001) for girls, but not for boys (P=0.567). For weekly lower back pain, significant differences were observed for girls (P=0.006) but not for boys (P=0.074). Having daily neck-shoulder or lower back pain showed a similar increase.
The school health promotion survey
Increase in pain of the neck, shoulder, and lower back was significant during 1996-2000 and 1997-2001 (figs 2 and3 and table 3). We found no interaction between study year and sex in the logistic regression analyses. Prevalence in 14-16 year olds was higher than in the corresponding age groups in the adolescent health and lifestyle survey (figures 2 and 3.
Discussion
Pain of the neck, shoulder, and lower back of adolescents increased in the 1990s, and this trend is continuing. The most sudden increase was at the end of the 1990s. Few trend studies among adolescents have been carried out. Findings from health behaviour in school aged children, however, show that in 11-15 year olds, 20% had weekly backache in 1993-4 and a third in 1997-8. 1314 The increase in weekly backache among 11, 13, and 15 year olds was similar in most of the participating 24 countries from Europe and Canada. In Finland, no increase in back pain among adults has been observed since 1985,15but, in the United Kingdom, a recent survey has suggested an increase.16
We found that musculoskeletal pain was more common in girls and in older children. Our results support the evidence that lower back pain is relatively common in adolescence, with greater prevalence in older children. 3617–19The prevalence of neck-shoulder pain was the same as for other studies at the same ages.620 Our results show that neck-shoulder pain is a common and increasing problem in adolescents, especially girls, suggesting more problems in the young adults of the future.
The two large scale population surveys, representing the whole of Finland, give weight to the results. The studies were carried out independently and data were collected by different methods: postal or classroom surveys. Still, prevalences and trends were similar. Comparability was guaranteed among the years by using identical questions and methods. The overall response rate in the adolescent health and lifestyle survey decreased gradually, to being the lowest in 2001. Selection bias did not become evident, however, with diminishing response rates, and test-retest reliability was good.
Substantial changes to Finnish society and among adolescents may have contributed to the increase in pain. In the 1990s, information technology began to have a tremendous impact on the everyday life of 12-18 year olds. At the end of the 1980s, computer use in schools or at home was still negligible,11 but in 2001, according to the adolescent health and lifestyle survey, 86% of 12-18 year olds use the internet, 27% daily, and 93% used computer and console games, 54% daily. Musculoskeletal symptoms may be related to risk factors such as repetitive movements, static postures, and static muscular activation patterns in work with computer mice.21
Unemployment and cuts in healthcare and school budgets during and after the economic recession of the early 1990s are still being felt today. Biological maturity is reached at a younger age,22and other health indicators, in addition to pain of the neck, shoulder, and lower back, have shown adverse development—for example, increasing obesity. 2324Children often carry heavy loads during their school day, yet no change in these loads was evident in the 1990s. The reports of health behaviour in schoolchildren from several European countries support our findings,1314 suggesting that the factors behind the increase might apply throughout the Western world.
Acknowledgments
We thank Jukka Jokela, Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, and Lasse Pere, School of Public Health, University of Tampere, who were responsible for data processing and initial analyses.
Contributors: AR and MR designed the study. JJS helped reformulate the questions. JJS, MR, and SV provided input throughout the study. PH and AR performed the main analysis, drafted the paper, and coordinated revisions with the other authors. PH and AR are guarantors.
Footnotes
-
Funding Ministry of Social Affairs and Health; Medical Research Fund of Tampere University Hospital; Health Promotion Research Programme of the Academy of Finland.
-
Competing interests None declared