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T-regulatory cells as part of strategy of immune evasion by pathogens

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Abstract

Under physiological conditions, regulatory processes can suppress the immune response after elimination of a pathogen and restore homeostasis through the destruction and suppression of obsolete effector cells of the immune system. The main players in this process are T-regulatory cells (Tregs) and immature dendritic cells, which suppress the immune response by their own products and/or by inducing synthesis of immunosuppressive interleukins IL-10, IL-35, and transforming growth factor (TGF-ß) by other cells. This mechanism is also used by widespread “successful” pathogens that are capable of chronically persisting in the human body — herpes virus, hepatitis viruses, human immunodeficiency virus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Helicobacter pylori, and others. During coevolution of microbial pathogens and the host immune system, the pathogens developed sophisticated strategies for evading the host defense, so-called immune evasion. In particular, molecular structures of pathogens during the interaction with dendritic cells via activating and inhibitory receptors can change intracellular signal transduction, resulting in block of maturation of dendritic cells. Immature dendritic cells become tolerogenic and cause differentiation of Tregs from the conventional T-cell CD4+. Microbial molecules can also react directly with Tregs through innate immune receptors. Costimulation of Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) by flagellin increases the expression of the transcription factor Foxp3, which increases the suppressive activity of Treg cells. From all evasion mechanisms, the induction of immunosuppression by Treg through IL-10, IL-35, and TGF-ß appears most effective. This results in the suppression of inflammation and of adaptive immune responses against pathogens, optimizing the conditions for the survival of bacteria and viruses.

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Abbreviations

B7:

a costimulatory molecule expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

CD4+ :

a marker expressed by helper and regulatory T-cells

CD4+CD25highFoxp3+ :

markers expressed by regulatory T-cells

CD4+Th2:

type 2 helper CD4+ T-cells

CD4+Treg or CD8+Treg:

regulatory T-cells

CD8+ :

a marker expressed by cytotoxic T-cells

CTLA-4:

an inhibitory molecule expressed by T-cells

FHA:

bacterial filamentous hemagglutinin adhesin

HIV:

human immunodeficiency virus

IL-10 and IL-35:

interleukins

LFA-3 and ICAM-1:

cell adhesion molecules

MHC I and II:

molecules of the major histocompatibility complex

PD1:

an inhibitory molecule expressed on dendritic cells (programmed cell death protein 1)

STAT:

intracellular signaling pathway (signal transducer and activator of transcription)

TAP:

transporter associated with antigen processing expressed in APCs

TCR:

T-cell receptor

TGF-β:

transforming growth factor-β

Th1:

type 1 helper CD4+ T-cells

TLR:

Toll-like receptor

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biological Faculty, 119991, Moscow, Russia

    F. Yu. Garib

  2. Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Department of Immunology, 123995, Moscow, Russia

    F. Yu. Garib

  3. Committee on Science and High Technologies, State Duma of the Federal Assembly of Russian Federation, 103265, Moscow, Russia

    A. P. Rizopulu

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  1. F. Yu. Garib
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  2. A. P. Rizopulu
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Correspondence to F. Yu. Garib.

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Original Russian Text © F. Yu. Garib, A. P. Rizopulu, 2015, published in Biokhimiya, 2015, Vol. 80, No. 8, pp. 1141–1159.

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Garib, F.Y., Rizopulu, A.P. T-regulatory cells as part of strategy of immune evasion by pathogens. Biochemistry Moscow 80, 957–971 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006297915080015

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006297915080015

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