Abstract
The effects of proline on the functioning of antioxidant enzymes — superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APO) — in Thellungiella salsuginea plants and cultured cells under normal conditions of culturing and under the influence of hydrogen peroxide (500 μM) were studied. Proline addition (0.2, 2, or 5 mM) to the medium for suspension culture or nutrient medium for plant growing resulted in the increase in the content of intracellular proline in both cultured cells and intact plant leaves and also in the activation of proline dehydrogenase, i.e., the enzyme degrading proline. Under normal conditions, treatment with proline exerted prooxidant action on both cellular and organismal levels. This was manifested in MDA accumulation and changes in APO and SOD activities. The amino acid alanine, used as a control, did not exert similar strong effect as proline. Application of 500 μM H2O2 on plant leaves resulted in the development of oxidative stress, whereas hydrogen peroxide addition into the culture medium — to the death of 50% of suspension cells. When plants and cultured cells were treated with 2 mM proline and than with H2O2, the number of dead cells in suspension was 35%, the content of MDA was decreased, APO was activated, and SOD activity was decreased in both cell culture and plant leaves. Thus, an increase in the intracellular proline concentration changed the redox balance and induced functioning of APO and SOD at both normal conditions of plant growing and cell culturing and under stress.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- APO:
-
ascorbate peroxidase
- PDH:
-
proline dehydrogenase
- POL:
-
peroxidation of lipids
- SOD:
-
superoxide dismutase
References
Stewart G.R. and Larhar F., Accumulation of Amino Acids and Related Compounds in Relation to Environmental Stress, The Biochemistry of Plants, vol. 5, Stumpf, P.K. and Conn, E.E., Eds., New York: Academic, 1980, pp. 609–635.
Alia and Saradhi, P.P., Proline Accumulation under Heavy Metal Stress, J. Plant Physiol., 1991, vol. 138, pp. 554–558.
Saradhi, P.P., Alia, Arora, S., and Prasad, K.V.S.K., Proline Accumulates in Plants Exposed to UV Radiation and Protects Them against UV Induced Peroxidation, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1995, vol. 209, pp. 1–5.
Ali, G., Srivastava, P.S., and Iqbal, M., Proline Accumulation, Protein Pattern and Photosynthesis in Bacopa monniera Regenerants Grown under NaCl Stress, Biol. Plant., 1999, vol. 42, pp. 89–95.
Matysik, J., Alia, Bhalu, B., and Mohanty, P., Molecular Mechanisms of Quenching of Reactive Oxygen Species by Proline under Stress in Plants, Curr. Sci., 2002, vol. 82, pp. 525–532.
Alia, Saradhi, P.P., and Mohanty, P., Proline in Relation to Free Radical Production in Seedlings of Brassica juncea Raised under Sodium Chloride Stress, Plant Soil, 1993, vol. 155/156, pp. 497–500.
Alia, Saradhi, P.P., and Mohanty, P., Involvement of Proline in Protecting Thylakoid Membranes against Free Radical-Induced Photodamage, J. Photochem. Photobiol., 1997, vol. 38, pp. 253–257.
Szabados, L. and Savoure, A., Proline: A Multifunctional Amino Acid, Trends Plant Sci., 2009, vol. 15, pp. 89–97.
Krishnan, N., Dickman, M.B., and Becker, D.F., Proline Modulates the Intracellular Redox Environment and Protects Mammalian Cells against Oxidative Stress, Free Radic. Biol. Med., 2008, vol. 44, pp. 671–681.
Radyukina, N.L., Shashukova, A.V., Shevyakova, N.I., and Kuznetsov, Vl.V., Effects of Various Iron Supply on Oxidative Stress Development and Ferritin Formation in the Common Ice Plants, Russ. J. Plant Physiol., 2008, vol. 55, pp. 649–656.
Radyukina, N.L., Shashukova, A.V., Makarova, S.S., and Kuznetsov, Vl.V., Exogenous Proline Modifies Differential Expression of Superoxide Dismutase Genes in UV-B-Irradiated Salvia officinalis Plants, Russ. J. Plant Physiol., 2011, vol. 58, pp. 51–59.
Kant, S., Bi, Y.-M., Weretilnyk, E., Barak, S., and Rothstein, S.J., The Arabidopsis Halophytic Relative Thellungiella halophila Tolerates Nitrogen Limiting Conditions by Maintaining Growth, Nitrogen Uptake, and Assimilation, Plant Physiol., 2006, vol. 147, pp. 1168–1180.
Radyukina, N.L., Kartashov, A.V., Ivanov, Yu.V., Shevyakova, N.I., and Kuznetsov, Vl.V., Functioning of Defense Systems in Halophytes and Glycophytes under Progressing Salinity, Russ. J. Plant Physiol., 2007, vol. 54, pp. 806–815.
Schenk, R.U. and Hildebrandt, A.C., Medium and Techniques for Induction and Growth of Monocotyledonous and Dicotyledonous Plant Cell Cultures, Can. J. Bot., 1972, vol. 50, pp. 199–204.
Heath, R.L. and Packer, L., Photoperoxidation in Isolated Chloroplasts. Kinetics and Stoichiometry of Fatty Acid Peroxidation, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 1968, vol. 125, pp. 189–198.
Beauchamp, Ch. and Fridovich, I., Superoxide Dismutase Improved Assays and an Assay Applicable to Acrylamide Gels, Anal. Biochem., 1971, vol. 44, pp. 276–287.
Nakano, Y. and Asada, K., Hydrogen Peroxide Is Scavenged by Ascorbate Specific Peroxidase in Spinach Chloroplasts, Plant Cell Physiol., 1981, vol. 22, pp. 867–880.
Mattioni, C., Lacerenza, N.G., Troccoli, A., de Leonardis, A.M., and di Fonzo, N., Water and Salt Stress-Induced Alterations in Proline Metabolism of Triticum durum Seedlings, Physiol. Plant., 1997, vol. 101, pp. 787–792.
Bates, L.S., Waldren, R.P., and Teare, I.D., Rapid Determination of Free Proline for Water Stress Studies, Plant Soil, 1973, vol. 39, pp. 205–207.
Esen, A., A Simple Method for Quantitative, Semiquantitative, and Qualitative Assay of Protein, Anal. Biochem., 1978, vol. 89, pp. 264–273.
Verslues, P.E. and Sharma, S., Proline Metabolism and Its Implications for Plant-Environment Interaction, The Arabidopsis Book, Am. Soc. Plant Biol., 2010; 8: e0140. Epub. 2010, Nov. 3, doi 10.1199/tab.0140.
Elton, T.E. and Stewart, C.R., Proline Oxidation in Corn Mitochondria, Plant Physiol., 1982, vol. 70, pp. 567–572.
Mittler, R., Oxidative Stress, Antioxidants and Stress Tolerance, Trends Plant Sci., 2002, vol. 7, pp. 405–410.
Cooper, S.K., Pandhare, J., Donald, S.P., and Phang, J.M., A Novel Function for Hydroxyproline Oxidase in Apoptosis through Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species, J. Biol. Chem., 2008, vol. 283, pp. 485–492.
Nanjo, T., Fujita, M., Seki, M., Kato, T., Tabata, S., and Shinozaki, K., Toxicity of Free Proline Revealed in an Arabidopsis T-DNA-Tagged Mutant Deficient in Proline Dehydrogenase, Plant Cell Physiol., 2003, vol. 44, pp. 541–548.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Original Russian Text © T.N. Soshinkova, N.L. Radyukina, D.V. Korolkova, A.V. Nosov, 2013, published in Fiziologiya Rastenii, 2013, Vol. 60, No. 1, pp. 47–60.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Soshinkova, T.N., Radyukina, N.L., Korolkova, D.V. et al. Proline and functioning of the antioxidant system in Thellungiella salsuginea plants and cultured cells subjected to oxidative stress. Russ J Plant Physiol 60, 41–54 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1021443713010093
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1021443713010093