Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

RNA editing catalyzed by ADAR1 and its function in mammalian cells

  • Review
  • Published:
Biochemistry (Moscow) Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In mammalian cells two active enzymes, ADAR1 and ADAR2, carry out A-to-I RNA editing. These two editases share many common features in their protein structures, catalytic activities, and substrate requirements. However, the phenotypes of the knockout animals are remarkably different, which indicate the distinct functions they play. The most striking effect of ADAR1 knockout is cell death and interruption of embryonic development that are not observed in ADAR2 knockout. Evidences have shown that ADAR1 plays critical roles in the differentiating cells in embryo and adult tissues to support the cell’s survival and permit their further differentiation and maturation. However, our knowledge in understanding of the mechanism by which ADAR1 exerts its unique effects is very limited. Many efforts had been made trying to understand why ADAR1 is so important that it is indispensible for animal survival, including studies that identify the RNA editing substrates and studies on non-editing mechanisms. The interest of this review is focused on the question why ADAR1 and not ADAR2 is required for cell survival. Therefore, only the data, published and unpublished, potentially connecting ADAR1 to its cell death effect is selectively cited and discussed here. The features of cell death caused by ADAR1 deletion are summarized. Potential involvement of interferon and protein kinase RNA-activated (PKR) pathways is proposed, but obviously more experimental evaluations are needed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Polson, A. G., Crain, P. F., Pomerantz, S. C., McCloskey, J. A., and Bass, B. L. (1991) Biochemistry, 30, 11507–11514.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Bass, B. L. (2002) Ann. Rev. Biochem., 71, 817–846.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Morse, D. P., and Bass, B. L. (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 96, 6048–6053.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Palladino, M. J., Keegan, L. P., O’Connell, M. A., and Reenan, R. A. (2000) Cell, 102, 437–449.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Hanrahan, C. J., Palladino, M. J., Bonneau, L. J., and Reenan, R. A. (1999) Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 868, 51–66.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Palavicini, J. P., O’Connell, M. A., and Rosenthal, J. J. (2009) RNA (N.Y.), 15, 1208–1218.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Herbert, A., Lowenhaupt, K., Spitzner, J., and Rich, A. (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 92, 7550–7554.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Kim, U., Garner, T. L., Sanford, T., Speicher, D., Murray, J. M., and Nishikura, K. (1994) J. Biol. Chem., 269, 13480–13489.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. O’Connell, M. A., and Keller, W. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91, 10596–10600.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Mittaz, L., Antonarakis, S. E., Higuchi, M., and Scott, H. S. (1997) Hum. Genet., 100, 398–400.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Mittaz, L., Scott, H. S., Rossier, C., Seeburg, P. H., Higuchi, M., and Antonarakis, S. E. (1997) Genomics, 41, 210–217.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Nishikura, K. (2004) Nature Biotechnol., 22, 962–963.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Nishikura, K. (2006) Nature Rev., 7, 919–931.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Higuchi, M., Maas, S., Single, F. N., Hartner, J., Rozov, A., Burnashev, N., Feldmeyer, D., Sprengel, R., and Seeburg, P. H. (2000) Nature, 406, 78–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Wang, Q., Khillan, J., Gadue, P., and Nishikura, K. (2000) Science, 290, 1765–1768.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Hartner, J. C., Schmittwolf, C., Kispert, A., Muller, A. M., Higuchi, M., and Seeburg, P. H. (2004) J. Biol. Chem., 279, 4894–4902.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Wang, Q., Miyakoda, M., Yang, W., Khillan, J., Stachura, D. L., Weiss, M. J., and Nishikura, K. (2004) J. Biol. Chem., 279, 4952–4961.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Kawahara, Y., Zinshteyn, B., Sethupathy, P., Iizasa, H., Hatzigeorgiou, A. G., and Nishikura, K. (2007) Science, 315, 1137–1140.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Hundley, H. A., and Bass, B. L. (2010) Trends Biochem. Sci., 35, 377–383.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Zinshteyn, B., and Nishikura, K. (2009) Wiley Interdiscip. Rev., 1, 202–209.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Bass, B. L. (2006) Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol., 71, 285–292.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Morabito, M. V., and Emeson, R. B. (2009) Neuropsychopharmacology, 34, 246.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Kim, U., Wang, Y., Sanford, T., Zeng, Y., and Nishikura, K. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91, 11457–11461.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Bass, B. L., and Weintraub, H. (1988) Cell, 55, 1089–1098.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Bass, B. L., and Weintraub, H. (1987) Cell, 48, 607–613.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. O’Connell, M. A., Krause, S., Higuchi, M., Hsuan, J. J., Totty, N. F., Jenny, A., and Keller, W. (1995) Mol. Cell. Biol., 15, 1389–1397.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Patterson, J. B., Thomis, D. C., Hans, S. L., and Samuel, C. E. (1995) Virology, 210, 508–511.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Melcher, T., Maas, S., Herb, A., Sprengel, R., Seeburg, P. H., and Higuchi, M. (1996) Nature, 379, 460–464.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Melcher, T., Maas, S., Herb, A., Sprengel, R., Higuchi, M., and Seeburg, P. H. (1996) J. Biol. Chem., 271, 31795–31798.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Chen, C. X., Cho, D. S., Wang, Q., Lai, F., Carter, K. C., and Nishikura, K. (2000) RNA (N.Y.), 6, 755–767.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Lai, F., Chen, C. X., Lee, V. M., and Nishikura, K. (1997) J. Neurochem., 69, 43–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Lai, F., Drakas, R., and Nishikura, K. (1995) J. Biol. Chem., 270, 17098–17105.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Yang, W., Wang, Q., Howell, K. L., Lee, J. T., Cho, D. S., Murray, J. M., and Nishikura, K. (2005) J. Biol. Chem., 280, 3946–3953.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Geiger, J. R., Melcher, T., Koh, D. S., Sakmann, B., Seeburg, P. H., Jonas, P., and Monyer, H. (1995) Neuron, 15, 193–204.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Lomeli, H., Mosbacher, J., Melcher, T., Hoger, T., Geiger, J. R., Kuner, T., Monyer, H., Higuchi, M., Bach, A., and Seeburg, P. H. (1994) Science, 266, 1709–1713.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Egebjerg, J., Kukekov, V., and Heinemann, S. F. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91, 10270–10274.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Kohler, M., Burnashev, N., Sakmann, B., and Seeburg, P. H. (1993) Neuron, 10, 491–500.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Higuchi, M., Single, F. N., Kohler, M., Sommer, B., Sprengel, R., and Seeburg, P. H. (1993) Cell, 75, 1361–1370.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Sommer, B., Kohler, M., Sprengel, R., and Seeburg, P. H. (1991) Cell, 67, 11–19.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Rueter, S. M., Burns, C. M., Coode, S. A., Mookherjee, P., and Emeson, R. B. (1995) Science, 267, 1491–1494.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Burns, C. M., Chu, H., Rueter, S. M., Hutchinson, L. K., Canton, H., Sanders-Bush, E., and Emeson, R. B. (1997) Nature, 387, 303–308.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Niswender, C. M., Sanders-Bush, E., and Emeson, R. B. (1998) Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 861, 38–48.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Seeburg, P. H. (2002) Neuron, 35, 17–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Seeburg, P. H., and Hartner, J. (2003) Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 13, 279–283.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Rueter, S. M., Dawson, T. R., and Emeson, R. B. (1999) Nature, 399, 75–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Yang, W., Chendrimada, T. P., Wang, Q., Higuchi, M., Seeburg, P. H., Shiekhattar, R., and Nishikura, K. (2006) Nature Struct. Mol. Biol., 13, 13–21.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Nishikura, K. (2010) Ann. Rev. Biochem., 79, 321–349.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. XuFeng, R., Boyer, M. J., Shen, H., Li, Y., Yu, H., Gao, Y., Yang, Q., Wang, Q., and Cheng, T. (2009) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 106, 17763–17768.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Hartner, J. C., Walkley, C. R., Lu, J., and Orkin, S. H. (2009) Nature Immunol., 10, 109–115.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Jacobs, M. M., Fogg, R. L., Emeson, R. B., and Stanwood, G. D. (2009) Dev. Neurosci., 31, 223–237.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Osenberg, S., Paz Yaacov, N., Safran, M., Moshkovitz, S., Shtrichman, R., Sherf, O., Jacob-Hirsch, J., Keshet, G., Amariglio, N., Itskovitz-Eldor, J., and Rechavi, G. (2010) PloS ONE, 5, e11173.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Toth, A. M., Li, Z., Cattaneo, R., and Samuel, C. E. (2009) J. Biol. Chem., 284, 29350–29356.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Ward, S. V., George, C. X., Welch, M. J., Liou, L. Y., Hahm, B., Lewicki, H., de la Torre, J. C., Samuel, C. E., and Oldstone, M. B. (2011) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 108, 331–336.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Nie, Y., Hammond, G. L., and Yang, J. H. (2007) J. Virol., 81, 917–923.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Doria, M., Neri, F., Gallo, A., Farace, M. G., and Michienzi, A. (2009) Nucleic Acids Res., 37, 5848–5858.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Phuphuakrat, A., Kraiwong, R., Boonarkart, C., Lauhakirti, D., Lee, T. H., and Auewarakul, P. (2008) J. Virol., 82, 10864–10872.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Hartwig, D., Schutte, C., Warnecke, J., Dorn, I., Hennig, H., Kirchner, H., and Schlenke, P. (2006) J. Viral Hepat., 13, 150–157.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Jayan, G. C., and Casey, J. L. (2002) J. Virol., 76, 3819–3827.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Cenci, C., Barzotti, R., Galeano, F., Corbelli, S., Rota, R., Massimi, L., Di Rocco, C., O’Connell, M. A., and Gallo, A. (2008) J. Biol. Chem., 283, 7251–7260.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Galeano, F., Leroy, A., Rossetti, C., Gromova, I., Gautier, P., Keegan, L. P., Massimi, L., Di Rocco, C., O’Connell, M. A., and Gallo, A. (2010) Int. J. Cancer, 127, 127–137.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Martinez, H. D., Jasavala, R. J., Hinkson, I., Fitzgerald, L. D., Trimmer, J. S., Kung, H. J., and Wright, M. E. (2008) J. Biol. Chem., 283, 29938–29949.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Gandy, S. Z., Linnstaedt, S. D., Muralidhar, S., Cashman, K. A., Rosenthal, L. J., and Casey, J. L. (2007) J. Virol., 81, 13544–13551.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Laxminarayana, D., Khan, I. U., O’Rourke, K. S., and Giri, B. (2007) Immunology, 122, 623–633.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Linnstaedt, S. D., Kasprzak, W. K., Shapiro, B. A., and Casey, J. L. (2009) RNA (N.Y.), 15, 1177–1187.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Zhang, X. J., Gao, M., Li, M., Li, M., Li, C. R., Cui, Y., He, P. P., Xu, S. J., Xiong, X. Y., Wang, Z. X., Yuan, W. T., Yang, S., and Huang, W. (2003) J. Invest. Dermatol., 120, 776–780.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Miyamura, Y., Suzuki, T., Kono, M., Inagaki, K., Ito, S., Suzuki, N., and Tomita, Y. (2003) Am. J. Hum. Genet., 73, 693–699.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Suzuki, N., Suzuki, T., Inagaki, K., Ito, S., Kono, M., Horikawa, T., Fujiwara, S., Ishiko, A., Matsunaga, K., Aoyama, Y., Tosaki-Ichikawa, H., and Tomita, Y. (2007) J. Invest. Dermatol., 127, 309–311.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. George, C. X., Gan, Z., Liu, Y., and Samuel, C. E. (2011) J. Interferon Cytokine Res., 31, 99–117.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Gallo, A., and Galardi, S. (2008) RNA Biol., 5, 135–139.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Maas, S., Kawahara, Y., Tamburro, K. M., and Nishikura, K. (2006) RNA Biol., 3, 1–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Hanrahan, C. J., Palladino, M. J., Ganetzky, B., and Reenan, R. A. (2000) Genetics, 155, 1149–1160.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Domeier, M. E., Morse, D. P., Knight, S. W., Portereiko, M., Bass, B. L., and Mango, S. E. (2000) Science, 289, 1928–1931.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Patterson, J. B., and Samuel, C. E. (1995) Mol. Cell. Biol., 15, 5376–5388.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Herbert, A., Alfken, J., Kim, Y. G., Mian, I. S., Nishikura, K., and Rich, A. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 94, 8421–8426.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Herbert, A., Schade, M., Lowenhaupt, K., Alfken, J., Schwartz, T., Shlyakhtenko, L. S., Lyubchenko, Y. L., and Rich, A. (1998) Nucleic Acids Res., 26, 3486–3493.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. George, C. X., and Samuel, C. E. (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 96, 4621–4626.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. George, C. X., and Samuel, C. E. (1999) Gene, 229, 203–213.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Kawakubo, K., and Samuel, C. E. (2000) Gene, 258, 165–172.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Shtrichman, R., Heithoff, D. M., Mahan, M. J., and Samuel, C. E. (2002) Infect. Immun., 70, 5579–5588.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Markle, D., Das, S., Ward, S. V., and Samuel, C. E. (2003) Gene, 304, 143–149.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. George, C. X., Wagner, M. V., and Samuel, C. E. (2005) J. Biol. Chem., 280, 15020–15028.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. George, C. X., Das, S., and Samuel, C. E. (2008) Virology, 380, 338–343.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Ward, S. V., Markle, D., Das, S., and Samuel, C. E. (2002) J. Interferon Cytokine Res., 22, 891–898.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Samuel, C. E. (2001) Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 14, 778–809, table of contents.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Rabinovici, R., Kabir, K., Chen, M., Su, Y., Zhang, D., Luo, X., and Yang, J. H. (2001) Circ. Res., 88, 1066–1071.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Yang, J. H., Nie, Y., Zhao, Q., Su, Y., Pypaert, M., Su, H., and Rabinovici, R. (2003) J. Biol. Chem., 278, 45833–45842.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Li, Z., Wolff, K. C., and Samuel, C. E. (2010) Virology, 396, 316–322.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Schwartz, T., Rould, M. A., Lowenhaupt, K., Herbert, A., and Rich, A. (1999) Science (N. Y.), 284, 1841–1845.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Kim, Y. G., Lowenhaupt, K., Maas, S., Herbert, A., Schwartz, T., and Rich, A. (2000) J. Biol. Chem., 275, 26828–26833.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Herbert, A., and Rich, A. (1999) Genetica, 106, 37–47.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Berger, I., Winston, W., Manoharan, R., Schwartz, T., Alfken, J., Kim, Y. G., Lowenhaupt, K., Herbert, A., and Rich, A. (1998) Biochemistry, 37, 13313–13321.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Eckmann, C. R., and Jantsch, M. F. (1999) J. Cell Biol., 144, 603–615.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Raitskin, O., Cho, D. S., Sperling, J., Nishikura, K., and Sperling, R. (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 98, 6571–6576.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Ray, B. K., Dhar, S., Shakya, A., and Ray, A. (2011) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 108, 103–108.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Kim, D., Lee, Y. H., Hwang, H. Y., Kim, K. K., and Park, H. J. (2010) Current Drug Targets, 11, 335–344.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Ward, S. V., George, C. X., Welch, M. J., Liou, L. Y., Hahm, B., Lewicki, H., de la Torre, J. C., Samuel, C. E., and Oldstone, M. B. (2011) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 108, 331–336.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Kawahara, Y., Grimberg, A., Teegarden, S., Mombereau, C., Liu, S., Bale, T. L., Blendy, J. A., and Nishikura, K. (2008) J. Neurosci., 28, 12834–12844.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Mombereau, C., Kawahara, Y., Gundersen, B. B., Nishikura, K., and Blendy, J. A. (2009) Neuropharmacology, 59, 468–473.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Morabito, M. V., Abbas, A. I., Hood, J. L., Kesterson, R. A., Jacobs, M. M., Kump, D. S., Hachey, D. L., Roth, B. L., and Emeson, R. B. (2010) Neurobiol. Disease, 39, 169–180.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Sakurai, M., Yano, T., Kawabata, H., Ueda, H., and Suzuki, T. (2010) Nature Chem. Biol., 6, 733–740.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Levanon, E. Y., and Eisenberg, E. (2006) Brief. Funct. Genom. Proteom., 5, 43–45.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Levanon, E. Y., Eisenberg, E., Yelin, R., Nemzer, S., Hallegger, M., Shemesh, R., Fligelman, Z. Y., Shoshan, A., Pollock, S. R., Sztybel, D., Olshansky, M., Rechavi, G., and Jantsch, M. F. (2004) Nature Biotechnol., 22, 1001–1005.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Kim, D. D., Kim, T. T., Walsh, T., Kobayashi, Y., Matise, T. C., Buyske, S., and Gabriel, A. (2004) Genome Res., 14, 1719–1725.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Blow, M., Futreal, P. A., Wooster, R., and Stratton, M. R. (2004) Genome Res., 14, 2379–2387.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Bhalla, T., Rosenthal, J. J., Holmgren, M., and Reenan, R. (2004) Nature Struct. Mol. Biol., 11, 950–956.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Athanasiadis, A., Rich, A., and Maas, S. (2004) PLoS Biol., 2, e391.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Graveley, B. R., Brooks, A. N., Carlson, J. W., Duff, M. O., Landolin, J. M., Yang, L., Artieri, C. G., van Baren, M. J., Boley, N., Booth, B. W., Brown, J. B., Cherbas, L., Davis, C. A., Dobin, A., Li, R., Lin, W., Malone, J. H., Mattiuzzo, N. R., Miller, D., Sturgill, D., Tuch, B. B., Zaleski, C., Zhang, D., Blanchette, M., Dudoit, S., Eads, B., Green, R. E., Hammonds, A., Jiang, L., Kapranov, P., Langton, L., Perrimon, N., Sandler, J. E., Wan, K. H., Willingham, A., Zhang, Y., Zou, Y., Andrews, J., Bickel, P. J., Brenner, S. E., Brent, M. R., Cherbas, P., Gingeras, T. R., Hoskins, R. A., Kaufman, T. C., Oliver, B., and Celniker, S. E. (2011) Nature, doi:10.1038/nature09715.

  108. Picardi, E., Horner, D. S., Chiara, M., Schiavon, R., Valle, G., and Pesole, G. (2010) Nucleic Acids Res., 38, 4755–4767.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Rosenberg, B. R., Hamilton, C. E., Mwangi, M. M., Dewell, S., and Papavasiliou, F. N. (2011) Nature Struct. Mol. Biol., 18, 230–236.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Wulff, B. E., Sakurai, M., and Nishikura, K. (2011) Nat. Rev. Genet., 12, 81–85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Levanon, K., Eisenberg, E., Rechavi, G., and Levanon, E. Y. (2005) EMBO Rep., 6, 831–835.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Kawahara, Y., Megraw, M., Kreider, E., Iizasa, H., Valente, L., Hatzigeorgiou, A. G., and Nishikura, K. (2008) Nucleic Acids Res., 36, 5270–5280.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Kawahara, Y., Zinshteyn, B., Chendrimada, T. P., Shiekhattar, R., and Nishikura, K. (2007) EMBO Rep., 8, 763–769.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Habig, J. W., Dale, T., and Bass, B. L. (2007) Mol. Cell, 25, 792–793.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Rula, E. Y., and Emeson, R. B. (2007) Methods Enzymol., 424, 333–367.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Zhang, Z., and Carmichael, G. G. (2001) Cell, 106, 465–475.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Wang, Q., Zhang, Z., Blackwell, K., and Carmichael, G. G. (2005) Curr. Biol., 15, 384–391.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Scadden, A. D., and O’Connell, M. A. (2005) Nucleic Acids Res., 33, 5954–5964.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Vitali, P., and Scadden, A. D. (2010) Nature Struct. Mol. Biol., 17, 1043–1050.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Clerzius, G., Gelinas, J. F., Daher, A., Bonnet, M., Meurs, E. F., and Gatignol, A. (2009) J. Virol., 83, 10119–10128.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Pain, V. M. (1994) Biochimie, 76, 718–728.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Pain, V. M. (1986) Biochem. J., 235, 625–637.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Jefferson, L. S., and Kimball, S. R. (2003) J. Nutr., 133, 2046S–2051S.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Kimball, S. R. (2001) Progr. Mol. Subcell. Biol., 26, 155–184.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Clemens, M. J., Bushell, M., Jeffrey, I. W., Pain, V. M., and Morley, S. J. (2000) Cell Death Differ., 7, 603–615.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Pain, V. M. (1996) Eur. J. Biochem./FEBS, 236, 747–771.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Kimball, S. R. (1999) Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 31, 25–29.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Samuel, C. E., Kuhen, K. L., George, C. X., Ortega, L. G., Rende-Fournier, R., and Tanaka, H. (1997) Int. J. Hematol., 65, 227–237.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Wang, Y., and Samuel, C. E. (2009) J. Mol. Biol., 393, 777–787.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Yeo, J., Goodman, R. A., Schirle, N. T., David, S. S., and Beal, P. A. (2010) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 20715–20719.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Zhang, X. J., He, P. P., Li, M., He, C. D., Yan, K. L., Cui, Y., Yang, S., Zhang, K. Y., Gao, M., Chen, J. J., Li, C. R., Jin, L., Chen, H. D., Xu, S. J., and Huang, W. (2004) Human Mutation, 23, 629–630.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Oyama, M., Shimizu, H., Ohata, Y., Tajima, S., and Nishikawa, T. (1999) Br. J. Dermatol., 140, 491–496.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Nie, Y., Ding, L., Kao, P. N., Braun, R., and Yang, J. H. (2005) Mol. Cell. Biol., 25, 6956–6963.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Agranat, L., Raitskin, O., Sperling, J., and Sperling, R. (2008) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 105, 5028–5033.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Heale, B. S., Keegan, L. P., McGurk, L., Michlewski, G., Brindle, J., Stanton, C. M., Caceres, J. F., and O’Connell, M. A. (2009) EMBO J., 28, 3145–3156.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Feng, Y., Sansam, C. L., Singh, M., and Emeson, R. B. (2006) Mol. Cell. Biol., 26, 480–488.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Ohlson, J., Pedersen, J. S., Haussler, D., and Ohman, M. (2007) RNA (N. Y.), 13, 698–703.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Pittsburgh, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 15232, USA

    Qingde Wang

Authors
  1. Qingde Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Qingde Wang.

Additional information

Published in Russian in Biokhimiya, 2011, Vol. 76, No. 8, pp. 1101–1114.

Electronic supplementary material

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Wang, Q. RNA editing catalyzed by ADAR1 and its function in mammalian cells. Biochemistry Moscow 76, 900–911 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006297911080050

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006297911080050

Key words

Search

Navigation