We present a 5-phase equation of state for elemental carbon which addresses a wide range of density and temperature conditions: $3\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{cc}<\rho <20\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{cc},0\mathrm{K}<T<\infty$. The phases considered are diamond, BC8, simple cubic, simple hexagonal, and the liquid/plasma state. The solid phase free energies are constrained by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Vibrational contributions to the free energy of each solid phase are treated within the quasiharmonic framework. The liquid free energy model is constrained by fitting to a combination of DFT molecular dynamics performed over the range $\mathrm{10\hspace{0.17em}000}\text{K}<T<\mathrm{100\hspace{0.17em}000}\text{K}$, and path integral quantum Monte Carlo calculations for $T>\mathrm{100\hspace{0.17em}000}\text{K}$ (both for $\rho$ between 3 and 12 g/cc, with select higher-$\rho$ DFT calculations as well). The liquid free energy model includes an atom-in-jellium approach to account for the effects of ionization due to temperature and pressure in the plasma state, and an ion-thermal model which includes the approach to the ideal gas limit. The precise manner in which the ideal gas limit is reached is greatly constrained by both the highest-temperature DFT data and the path integral data, forcing us to discard an ion-thermal model we had used previously in favor of a new one. Predictions are made for the principal Hugoniot and the room-temperature isotherm, and comparisons are made to recent experimental results.

• Received 21 October 2013
• Revised 17 May 2014

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.89.224109