We present a critical assessment of the SN1987A supernova cooling bound on axions and other light particles. Core collapse simulations used in the literature to substantiate the bound omitted from the calculation the envelope exterior to the proto-neutron star (PNS). As a result, the only source of neutrinos in these simulations was, by construction, a cooling PNS. We show that if the canonical delayed neutrino mechanism failed to explode SN1987A, and if the precollapse star was rotating, then an accretion disk would form that could explain the late-time ($t\gtrsim 5\sec$) neutrino events. Such accretion disk would be a natural feature if SN1987A was a collapse-induced thermonuclear explosion. Axions do not cool the disk and do not affect its neutrino output, provided the disk is optically thin to neutrinos, as it naturally is. These considerations cast doubt on the supernova cooling bound.

• Received 22 September 2019
• Accepted 11 June 2020

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.101.123025

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP³.

Published by the American Physical Society