The formation of a two-dimensional (2D) electron channel at semiconductor surfaces has been studied by high-luminosity and high energy-resolution ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. A large variety of band-bending sources (alkali metals, silver and antimony adatoms, cleavage defects) on different narrow-gap III-V(110) substrates (InAs, InSb) has been used. The measured photoemission spectral density in the semiconductor conduction band shows a steplike structure, consistent with the description of a jelliumlike 2D electron gas confined in a potential well, and it is independent of the band-bending sources. A self-consistent solution of the Poisson and Schrödinger equations gives the energy eigenvalues, the eigenstates, and the spectral density, in excellent agreement with the collection of photoemission results. Moreover, the accumulated charge density ranges between $3\times {10}^{11}$ and $2\times {10}^{12}{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{s}/\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^2,$ consistent with previous experimental results on plasmon excitations.

• Received 30 November 1999

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.63.155315