1887

Abstract

The toxin complex (Tc) genes were first identified in the insect pathogen and encode ∼1 MDa protein complexes which are toxic to insect pests. Subsequent genome sequencing projects have revealed the presence of orthologues in a range of bacterial pathogens known to be associated with insects. Interestingly, members of the mammalian-pathogenic yersiniae have also been shown to encode Tc orthologues. Studies in have shown that divergent loci either encode insect-active toxins or play a role in colonization of the gut in gastroenteritis models of rats. So far little is known about the activity of the Tc proteins in the other mammalian-pathogenic yersiniae. Here we present work to suggest that Tc proteins in and are not insecticidal toxins but have evolved for mammalian pathogenicity. We show that Tc is secreted by strain IP32953 during growth in media at 28 °C and 37 °C. We also demonstrate that oral toxicity of strain IP32953 to larvae is not due to Tc expression and that lysates of BL21 expressing the Tc proteins are not toxic to insect cells but are toxic to cultured mammalian cell lines. Cell lysates of BL21 expressing the Tc proteins caused actin ruffles, vacuoles and multi-nucleation in cultured human gut cells (Caco-2); similar morphology was observed after application of a lysate of BL21 expressing the Tc proteins to mouse fibroblast NIH3T3 cells, but not Caco-2 cells. Finally, transient expression of the individual Tc proteins in Caco-2 and NIH3T3 cell lines reproduced the actin and nuclear rearrangement observed with the topical applications. Together these results add weight to the growing hypothesis that the Tc proteins in and have been adapted for mammalian pathogenicity. We further conclude that Tc proteins from and display differential mammalian cell specificity in their toxicity.

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2008-11-01
2024-03-28
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