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Volume 102, Issue 4

SARS-CoV-2 one year on: evidence for ongoing viral adaptation Open Access

Abstract

SARS-CoV-2 is thought to have originated in the human population from a zoonotic spillover event. Infection in humans results in a variety of outcomes ranging from asymptomatic cases to the disease COVID-19, which can have significant morbidity and mortality, with over two million confirmed deaths worldwide as of January 2021. Over a year into the pandemic, sequencing analysis has shown that variants of SARS-CoV-2 are being selected as the virus continues to circulate widely within the human population. The predominant drivers of genetic variation within SARS-CoV-2 are single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) caused by polymerase error, potential host factor driven RNA modification, and insertion/deletions (indels) resulting from the discontinuous nature of viral RNA synthesis. While many mutations represent neutral ‘genetic drift’ or have quickly died out, a subset may be affecting viral traits such as transmissibility, pathogenicity, host range, and antigenicity of the virus. In this review, we summarise the current extent of genetic change in SARS-CoV-2, particularly recently emerging variants of concern, and consider the phenotypic consequences of this viral evolution that may impact the future trajectory of the pandemic.

  • Received:
  • Accepted:
  • Published Online:
Keyword(s): adaptation , coronavirus , COVID-19 , mutant , pandemic and SARS-CoV-2
Funding
This study was supported by the:
  • Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (Award BB/S008292/1)
    • Principle Award Recipient: WendyS. Barclay
  • Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (Award BB/K002465/1)
    • Principle Award Recipient: WendyS. Barclay
  • Wellcome Trust (Award 205100)
    • Principle Award Recipient: WendyS. Barclay
  • U.S. Food and Drug Administration (Award 75F40120C00085)
    • Principle Award Recipient: JulianA. Hiscox
  • Medical Research Council (Award MR/N013840/1)
    • Principle Award Recipient: RebekahPenrice-Randal
  • Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (Award BB/R013071/1)
    • Principle Award Recipient: ThomasPhilip Peacock
© 2021 The Authors
  • This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. This article was made open access via a Publish and Read agreement between the Microbiology Society and the corresponding author’s institution.
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SARS-CoV-2 one year on: evidence for ongoing viral adaptation
J. Gen. Virol. 102, 001584 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.001584
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