Refractory giardiasis in a child with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome

References

1. Yadav P, Tak V, Mirdha BR, Makharia GK. Refractory giardiasis: a molecular appraisal from a tertiary care centre in India. Indian J Med Microbiol 2014; 32:378–382 [View Article]
   [Google Scholar]
2. Nash TE, Ohl CA, Thomas E, Subramanian G, Keiser P et al. Treatment of patients with refractory giardiasis. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33:22–28 [View Article] [PubMed]
   [Google Scholar]
3. Lopez-Velez R, Batlle C, Jiménez C, Navarro M, Norman F et al. Short course combination therapy for giardiasis after nitroimidazole failure. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010; 83:171–173 [View Article] [PubMed]
   [Google Scholar]
4. World Health Organization The treatment of diarrhoea: a manual for physicians and other senior health workers, 4th rev. World Health Organization; 2005 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43209
5. Upcroft P. Drug resistance in Giardia: clinical versus laboratory isolates. Drug Resist Updat 1998; 1:166–168 [View Article] [PubMed]
   [Google Scholar]
6. Iza JA, Iza SN, Olivera MJ. Giardiasis: report of a case refractory to treatment. Infez Med 2019; 27:336–339
   [Google Scholar]
7. Carter ER, Nabarro LE, Hedley L, Chiodini PL. Nitroimidazole-refractory giardiasis: a growing problem requiring rational solutions. Clin Microbiol Infect 2018; 24:37–42 [View Article]
   [Google Scholar]
8. Faubert G. Immune response to Giardia duodenalis . Clin Microbiol Rev 2000; 13:35–54 [View Article]
   [Google Scholar]
9. Singer SM, Nash TE. T-cell-dependent control of acute Giardia lamblia infections in mice. Infect Immun 2000; 68:170–175 [View Article]
   [Google Scholar]
10. Waldmann TA, Durm M, Broder S, Blackman M, Blaese RM et al. Role of suppressor T cells in pathogenesis of common variable hypogammaglobulinaemia. Lancet 1974; 2:609–613 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
11. Cunningham-Rundles C. Clinical and immunologic analyses of 103 patients with common variable immunodeficiency. J Clin Immunol 1989; 9:22–33 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
12. Di Renzo M, Zhou Z, George I, Becker K, Cunningham-Rundles C. Enhanced apoptosis of T cells in common variable immunodeficiency (CVID): role of defective CD28 co-stimulation. Clin Exp Immunol 2000; 120:503–511 [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
13. Nabarro LEB, Lever RA, Armstrong M, Chiodini PL. Increased incidence of nitroimidazole-refractory giardiasis at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London: 2008-2013. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 21:791–796 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
14. Bourque DL, Neumayr A, Libman M, Chen LH. Treatment strategies for nitroimidazole-refractory giardiasis: a systematic review. J Travel Med 2022; 29:taab120 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
15. Boone JH, Wilkins TD, Nash TE, Brandon JE, Macias EA et al. TechLab and alexon Giardia enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits detect cyst wall protein 1. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:611–614 [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]