1887

Abstract

IL-2 and equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG) initiated reactivation of equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) from venous lymphocytes at a frequency of 1/10 . Indirect immunofluoresence showed that > 80% of virus-positive leukocytes were CD5 /CD8 with the remaining 20% being CD5 /CD8 /CD4 . Cocultivation demonstrated that the reactivated virus was infectious. In addition, virus was reactivated from leukocytes of > 70% of horses by the mitogens phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and poke- weed mitogen (PWM). Transfer of supernatants showed that IL-2 and eCG acted indirectly by causing the release of other mediators from adherent cells; these mediators then reactivated EHV-1 from T cells. Blocking experiments with anti-IL-2 showed that PWM and PHA acted via IL-2 but that eCG did not. This is the first clear definition of the lymphoid cells that harbour latent EHV-1 and correlates with current RT-PCR and hybridization of latency-associated transcripts in lymphocytes. This method of reactivation can be used to detect horses carrying latent EHV-1 and also has the potential to dissect the sequence of events involved in reactivation

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-79-12-2997
1998-12-01
2024-03-28
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jgv/79/12/9880014.html?itemId=/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-79-12-2997&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Allen G., Bryans J. T. 1986; Molecular epizootiology, pathogenesis and prophylaxis of equine herpesvirus-1 infections.. Progress in Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology 2:78–144
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Allen G., Yeargan M., Costa L. R. R., Cross R. 1995; Major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses in horses infected with equine herpesvirus 1. Journal of Virology 69:606–612
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Arthur G. H., Noakes D. E., Pearson H. 1989; Pregnancy and parturition. In Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics, 6th edn. pp 65–70 London: Bailliere Tindall;
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Baxi M. K., Efstathiou S., Lawrence G., Whalley J. M., Slater J. D., Field H. J. 1995; The detection of latency-associated transcriptsof equine herpesvirus 1 in ganglionic neurons. JournalofGeneral Virology 76:3113–3118
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Blanchard-Chanell M., Moore P. F., Stott J. L. 1994; Characterization of monoclonal antibodies specific for equine homologues of CD3 and CD5. Immunology 82:548–554
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Bridges C. G., Edington N. 1987; Genetic restriction of cytolysis during equid herpesvirus 1 subtype 2 infection. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 70:276–282
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Bumgardner M. K., Dutta S. K., Campbell D. L., Myrup A. C. 1982; Lymphocytes from ponies experimentally infected with equine herpesvirus 1 : subpopulations dynamics and their response to mitogens. American Journal of Veterinary Research 43:1308–1310
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Burrows R., Goodridge D. 1984; Studies of persistent and latent equid herpesvirus 1 and herpesvirus 3 infections in the Pirbright pony herd. In Latent Herpesvirus Infections in Veterinary Medicine pp 307–319 Wittmann G., Gaskell R. M., Rziha H. J. Edited by The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff;
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Charan S., Palmer K., Meager A., Mayer-Sluis A. A., Edington N. 1997; Transforming growth factor β1 induced by live or UV inactivated equid herpesvirus 1 mediates immunosuppression in the horse. Immunology 90:586–591
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Chester P., Purewal A. P., Edington N. 1997; Detection oflatency associated transcripts of equid herpesvirus type 1 in equine leucocytes, but not in trigeminal ganglia. Journal of Virology 71:3437–3443
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Chomczynski P., Sacchi N. 1987; Single step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction. Analytical Biochemistry 162:156–159
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Dinarello C. A. 1984; Interleukin 1. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 6:51–95
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Dower S. K., Kronheim S. R., March C. J., Conlon P. J., Hopp T. P., Gillis S., Urdal D. L. 1985; Detection and characterisation of high affinity plasma membrane receptors for human interleukin 1. Journal of Experimental Medicine 162:501–515
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Edington N., Bridges C. G., Huckle A. 1985; Experimental reactivation of equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) following the administration of corticosteroids. Equine Veterinary Journal 17:369–372
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Edington N., Bridges C. G., Patel J. R. 1986; Endothelial cell infection and thrombosis in paralysis induced by equid herpesvirus-1: equine stroke. Archives of Virology 90:111–124
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Edington N., Bridges C. G., Broad S. 1987; Rapid diagnosis and characterisation of equid herpesvirus 1 using monoclonal bodies. Tieraerztliche Praxis Suppl.2 37–40
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Edington N., Bridges C. G., Griffiths L. 1989; Further investigations of equine interferonsin vitro. Journal of Interferon Research 9:385–387
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Edington N., Smyth B., Griffiths L. 1991; The role of endothelial cell infection in the endometrium, placenta and foetus of equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) abortions. Journal of Comparative Pathology 104:379–387
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Edington N., Welch H. M., Griffiths L. 1994; The prevalence of latent equid herpesviruses in the tissues of 40 abattoir horses. Equine Veterinary Journal 26:140–142
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Everett R. D. 1987; The regulation of transcription of viral and cellular genes by herpesvirus immediate-early gene products. Anticancer Research 7:589–604
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Gleeson L. J., Collins L. 1980; Response of pregnant mares to equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1). Cornell Veterinarian 70:391–400
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Goding C. R., O’Hare P. 1989; Herpes simplex virus Vmw 65- octamer binding protein interaction: a paradigm for combinatorial control of transcription. Virology 173:363–367
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Jones K. A., Tijan R. 1985; Sp1 binds to promoter sequences and activates herpes simplex virus immediate early gene transcriptionin vitro. Nature 317:179–182
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Kemp L. M., Dent C. L., Latchman D. S. 1990; Octamer motif mediates transcriptional repression of HSV immediate-early genes and octamer-containing cellular promoters in neuronal cells. Neuron 4:215–222
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Kydd J. H., Antczak D. 1991; Report of the first international workshop on equine leucocyte antigens. Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 12:4–5
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Kydd J. H., Smith K. C., Hannant D., Livesay G. J., Mumford J. A. 1994; Distribution of equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) in respiratory tract associated lymphoid tissue : implications for cellular immunity. Equine Veterinary Journal 26:470–473
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Li D. -S., Pastorek J., ZelnÍk V., Smith G. D., Ross L. J. N. 1994; Identification of novel transcripts complementary to the Marek’s disease virus homologue of the ICP4 gene of herpes simplex virus. Journal of General Virology 75:1713–1722
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Lin Y. S., Ha L., Maldonado E., Reinberg D., Green M. R. 1991; Binding of general transcription factor TFIIB to an acidic activating region. Nature 353:569–571
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Lunn D. P., Duffys W. P. H. 1992; Equine T lymphocytes : surface differentiation antigens. In Equine Infectious Diseases VI pp 113–120 Plowright W., Rossdale P. D., Wade J. F. Edited by Newmarket: R&W Publications;
    [Google Scholar]
  30. McCulloch J., Williamson S. A., Broad S. C., Edington N. 1992; Characterisation of three novel monoclonal antibodies specific for equine lymphocyte markers by immunofluorescence staining of lymphoid sections. Equine Infectious Diseases VI pp 121–125 Plowright W., Rossdale P. D., Wade J. F. Edited by Newmarket: R&W Publications;
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Miltenyi S., Muller W., Weichel W., Radbruch H. 1990; High gradient magnetic cell separation with MACS. Cytometry 11:231–238
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Mweene A. S., Okazaki K., Kida H. 1996; Detection of viral genome in non-neural tissuesof cattle experimentally infected with BHV-1. Japanese Journal of Veterinary Research 44:165–174
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Patel J. R., Edington N. 1983; The pathogenicity in mice of respiratory, abortion and paresis isolates of equine herpesvirus-1. Veterinary Microbiology 8:301–305
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Patel J. R., Edington N., Mumford J. A. 1982; Variation in cellular tropism between isolates of equine herpesvirus 1 in foals. Archives of Virology 74:41–51
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Purewal A. S., Smallwood A. V., Kaushal A., Adegboye D., Edington N. 1992; Identification and control ofthe cis-acting elements of the immediate early gene of equid herpesvirus type 1. Journal ofGeneral Virology 73:513–519
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Roizman B., Desrosiers R. C., Fleckenstein B., Lopez C., Minson A. C., Studdert M. J. 1992; The family Herpesviridae: an update. Archives of Virology 123:425–449
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Sabo A., Rajcani J. 1976; Latent pseudorabies virus infections in pigs. Acta Virologica 20:208–214
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Scott J. C., Dutta S. K., Myrup A. C. 1983; In vivo harbouring of equine herpesvirus-1 in leucocyte populations and subpopulations and their quantitation from experimentally infected ponies. American Journal of Veterinary Research 44:1344–1348
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Seto A., Nagano Y., Isono T., Kurokawa M. 1997; Resistance to herpes simplex virus type 1 and its latent infection of human T cell lymphotrophic virus type 1-transformed T cell lines of rabbits. Journal of General Virology 78:2901–2907
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Siedek E. 1998 Equine dendritic cells in immunity to EHV-1 PhD thesis University of London, UK:
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Slater J. D., Borchers K., Thackray A. M., Fields H. J. 1994; The trigeminal ganglion is a location for equine herpesvirus 1 latency and reactivation in the horse. Journal of General Virology 75:2007–2016
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Smith D. 1998 The interaction of EHV-1 infected leukocytes and endothelial cells PhD thesis University of London, UK:
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Smith K. C., Whitwell K. E., Binns M. M., Dolby C. A., Hannant D., Mumford J. A. 1992; Abortion of virologically negative foetuses following experimental challenge of pregnant pony mares with equid herpesvirus 1. Equine Veterinary Journal 24:256–259
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Telford E. A. R., Watson M. S., McBride K., Davison A. J. 1992; The DNA sequence of equine herpesvirus-1. Virology 189:304–316
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Welch H. M., Bridges C. G., Lyon A. M., Griffiths L., Edington N. 1992; Latent equid herpesvirus 1 and 4 : detection and distinction using the polymerase chain reaction and co-cultivation from lymphoid tissues. Journal of General Virology 73:261–268
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Whitwell K. E., Blunden A. S. 1992; Pathological findings in horses dying during an outbreak of the paralytic form of equid herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) infection. Equine Veterinary Journal 24:13–19
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-79-12-2997
Loading
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-79-12-2997
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error