Secretion of Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha by Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages in the Presence of Dental Sealers, Sealapex and Endomethasone

doi:10.1097/00004770-200407000-00017

Journal of Endodontics

Volume 30, Issue 7, July 2004, Pages 534-537

https://doi.org/10.1097/00004770-200407000-00017 Get rights and content

After filling root canals, the healing process depends on the chemical composition or physical-chemical properties of the material used, among other factors. All root canal sealers, whether solid or plastic, are foreign matter for the body if they remain in permanent contact with apical and periapical tissues. As a result, the first organic reaction that occurs is an attempt to phagocytize the material. During phagocytosis, macrophages release a large number of cell mediators into the area, among which are cytokines that are essential in intercellular communication and in many physiological and pathophysiological processes. One of these cytokines is tumor necrosis factor-alfa (TNF-α), which acts through links to specific receptors on the cell membrane initiating a cascade of events leading to induction, activation, or inhibition of numerous cytokine-regulated genes in the cell nucleus. The release of TNF-α in a cell culture of mouse peritoneal macrophages incubated with three concentrations (25, 50, and 100 mg/ml) of two endodontic sealers was measured. The solutions containing the calcium hydroxide-based root canal sealer (Sealapex) released fewer units of TNF-α than solutions containing the zinc oxide and eugenol-based sealer (Endomethasone).

Section snippets

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Eight female Swiss mice, 6 to 8 weeks old, weighing 25 to 30 g from the animal rearing facility of the Pharmaceutical School of UNESP (Araraquara, SP, Brazil) were used in this experiment. During the tests, the animals were maintained in laboratory cages and were fed balanced laboratory ration and water ad libitum.

The root canal sealers were prepared according to manufacturer instructions as follows. Equal parts (6 cm) of base and catalyzing pastes of the calcium hydroxide-based sealer

RESULTS

The units of TNF-α/ml released at three concentrations of the endodontic sealers (25, 50, and 100 mg/ml) are shown in Fig. 1. Sealapex resulted in less TNF-α than Endomethasone, the standard, and LPS at all concentrations. However, there were no significant differences in the mean amounts of TNF-α released after contact with Endomethasone at 100 mg/ml, but there were significant differences at 25 mg/ml and 50 mg/ml in relation to positive control (LPS). In relation to Sealapex and LPS, there

DISCUSSION

The concept of material (sealers) biocompatibility is changing. For a long time, biocompatibility was traditionally understood to be a lack of significant interaction between materials and tissues in contact with each other. Currently, we know that many materials are compatible when placed in certain parts of the organism, but there is a different response in other parts of the body. Therefore, a more appropriate definition would be the ability of a material to provoke an appropriate response

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In vivo comparison of the biocompatibility of two root canal sealers implanted into the subcutaneous connective tissue of rats
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Citation Excerpt :
In the present study, the connective tissue alongside the lateral wall served as a negative control and did not present inflammatory reactions (Fig. 1), demonstrating the biocompatibility of Teflon and that the inflammatory reaction at the opening of the tube was related to the material studied.42 The biologic properties of Endométhasone, a zinc oxide–eugenol (ZOE)–based root canal sealer, has been previously studied regarding antibacterial activity,22,24 cytotoxicity,13-19,21,23 and tissue biocompatibility.1,3,12 Eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol) is an extract of clove oil widely used in dentistry as a therapeutic agent, most commonly as a component of zinc oxide–eugenol cement applied as a base or temporary dressing to dentine or as a root canal sealer.9
To evaluate the subcutaneous biocompatibility of 2 root canal sealers.
The subcutaneous implant technique recommended by the Fédération Dentaire International (FDI) was used to test Endométhasone and EndoREZ root canal sealers. These materials were placed in Teflon tubes, 1 mm in diameter and 10 mm in length, and implanted into 2 pockets created in the back of 40 Calomys callosus rodents, 20 for each material. Tissue biopsies were collected and histologically examined 15, 30, 60, and 90 days after the implantation procedure. The overall level of the inflammatory tissue response was graded as none, slight, moderate, or severe on the sealer–connective tissue interface at the opening ends of the tubes. The connective tissue response along the lateral wall outside of each tube served as a negative control.
The tissue reaction to the Endométhasone diminished with time. The EndoREZ sealer was highly toxic during all experimental periods.
Endométhasone root canal sealer presented biocompatibility within the analyzed periods, whereas EndoREZ showed no biocompatible behavior and caused late hypersensitive reaction.
An FTIR Study of the Setting Reaction of Various Endodontic Sealers
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It has been shown that the healing process of periradicular tissues depends, among other factors, on the composition and properties of the materials used (21). Secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α, a potent stimulator of bone resorption and inhibitor of bone repair, was found to be released in larger quantities by a zinc oxide–eugenol sealer than a calcium hydroxide based sealer (21), apparently because of hydrolysis of the weak zinc eugenolate chelate in the former. This unstable chelate may explain as well the higher toxicity of a zinc oxide–eugenol–based sealer compared with a polydimethylsiloxane one (22).
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The roles of IL-1α and TNF-α in early pulp inflammation were investigated by determining the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, the osteonectin (ON), osteocalcin (OC), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression using an immunoblot method. Primary cultured dental pulp cells were treated with IL-1α, TNF-α, or both for 3, 7, and 14 days. The pulp cells treated with IL-1α for 3 days showed elevated ALP activity and increased ON, OC, and HO-1 expression, whereas TNF-α treatment did not increase the ALP activity and no BSP was expressed until day 14. The pulp cells treated with both IL-1α and TNF-α for 3 days showed increased HO-1 expression compared with that of the control. These data suggest that IL-1α and TNF-α produced in the early inflammatory reaction have different functions in human pulp cells. IL-1α induces ALP, ON, and OC in tooth mineralization and it may play a role in the cytoprotection of pulp cells via HO-1 expression, while long-term treatment of TNF-α may inhibit the tooth mineralization.
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: Address requests for reprints to Dr. Renato de Toledo Leonardo, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araraquara, UNESP, Rua Humaitá, 1680, 14801-903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil. e-mail: [email protected].

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Basic Research-TechnologySecretion of Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha by Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages in the Presence of Dental Sealers, Sealapex and Endomethasone

Section snippets

MATERIALS AND METHODS

RESULTS

DISCUSSION

Immunol Today

J Endodon

J Endodon

J Biol Chem

J Endodon

J Endodon

J Endodon

Inflamação e reparação

Regulation of immunity and inflammation by mediators from macrophages

Am J Pathol

Basic Research-Technology
Secretion of Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha by Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages in the Presence of Dental Sealers, Sealapex and Endomethasone