Abstract
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has participated in collaborative HIV prevention research activities in injection drug users (IDUs) with the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) in Bangkok, Thailand, from 1995 to the present and with the Orel AIDS Center in Orel Oblast, Russia, from 2001 to 2003. Studies in Bangkok have included an HIV prevention trial preparatory cohort from 1995 to 1998, a seroconverter cohort from 1998 to the present, a phase III trial of the AIDSVAX B/E gp 120 HIV vaccine from 1999 to 2003, and a phase II/III HIV prophylaxis trial with tenofovir scheduled to begin in 2005. Activities in Orel included a review of HIV surveillance data in 2001, focus group discussions and a case-control study with HIV-infected and-uninfected IDUs in 2001, a cross-sectional study with the female sex partners of male IDUs in 2002, and a community outreach intervention in 2002–2003. In Bangkok, 1,209 IDUs were enrolled in the preparatory cohort which revealed an HIV incidence of 5.8% per 100 person-years; 133 HIV-infected IDUs have been followed in the seroconverter cohort with >85% follow-up and HIV and tuberculosis care provided; 2,546 IDUs were enrolled in the HIV vaccine efficacy trial which was successfully completed with a followup rate of >95%, although the vaccine was not shown to be effective at reducing HIV incidence; and 1,600 IDUs will be enrolled in the daily tenofovir HIV prophylaxis trial in 2005. In Orel, initial focus group discussions and epidemiologic studies revealed low HIV knowledge and high rates of unsafe injecting and sexual practices among IDUs and their female sex partners; and educational campaigns and the community outreach intervention were developed and implemented. A steady decline in new HIV infections in IDUs was then observed in Orel in 2002–2003. CDC has participated in the conduct of successful collaborative HIV prevention research activities in Thailand and Russia over the past decade. The establishment of long-term relationships with in-country public health and community partners has been instrumental in the success of these efforts.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Shaffer N, Chuachoowong R, Mock P, et al. Short-course zidovudine for perinatal HIV-1 transmission in Bangkok, Thailand: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 1999;353:773–780.
Wiktor SZ, Ekpini ER, Karon JM, et al. Short-course of oral zidovudine to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire: a randomized trial. Lancet. 1999;353:781–785.
Kilmarx PH, Supawitkul S, Yanpaisarn S, et al. A year-long, randomized controlled trial of a carageenan gel as a vaginal microbicide: effect on reproductive tract infection rates. In: 14th International Conference on AIDS; July 7–12, 2002; Barcelona, Spain.
Van Damme L, Ramjee G, Alary M et al. Effectiveness of COL-1492, a nonoxynol-9 vaginal gel, on HIV-1 transmission in female sex workers: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360:971–977.
Choopanya K, Tappero J, Pitisuttithum P, et al. Final results of a phase III HIV vaccine efficacy trial among injection drug users in Thailand. In: XV International AIDS Conference; July 11–16, 2004; Bangkok, Thailand. Abstract ThOrA1427.
Wiktor SZ, Sassan-Morokro M, Grant AD, et al. Efficacy of trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole prophylaxis to decrease morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis in Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 1999;353:1469–1475.
Weidle PJ, Malamba S, Mwebaze R, et al. Assessment of a pilot antiretroviral drug therapy program in Uganda: patients’ response, survival and drug resistance. Lancet. 2002; 360:34–40.
Centers for Disease Control Global AIDS Program Website. Global AIDS program. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/od/gap/. Accessed June 14, 2005.
President’s Emergency Plant for AIDS Relief Website. President’s emergency plan for AIDS relief. Available at: http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/pepfar.html. Accessed June 14, 2005.
Mastro TD, Kitayaporn D, Weninger BG, et al. Estimating the number of HIV-infected injection drug users in Bangkok: a capture-recapture method. Am J Public Health. 1994;84:1094–1099.
Vanichseni S, Kitayaporn D, Mastro TD, et al. Continued high HIV-1 incidence in a vaccine trial preparatory cohort of injection drug users in Bangkok, Thailand. AIDS. 2001;15:397–405.
Martin M, Mansakul W, Tappero JW, et al. Care and treatment of HIV-infected persons during an HIV vaccine efficacy trial, Bangkok, Thailand. In: International AIDS Vaccine Conference; September 18–21, 2003; New York, NY.
Vanichseni S, Tappero JW, Pitisuttithum P, et al. Recruitment, screening and characteristics of injection drug users participating in the AIDSVAX B/E HIV vaccine trial, Bangkok, Thailand. AIDS. 2004;18:311–316.
Kazionny B, Wells C, Kluge H, Gusseynova N, Molotilov V. Implications of the growing HIV epidemic for TB control in Russia. Lancet. 2001;358:1513–1514.
Tappero JW, Siraprapasiri T, Levine WC, et al. The Thailand MoPH-U.S. CDC collaboration in Asia. In: Lu, Y, Essex, M, eds. AIDS in Asia. Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers; 2004.
MacQueen KM, Vanichseni S, Kitayaporn D, et al. Willingness of injecting drug users to participate in an HIV vaccine efficacy trial in Bangkok, Thailand. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1999;21:243–251.
Pitisuttithum P, Berman PW, Phonrat B, et al. Phase I/II study of a candidate vaccine designed against the B and E subtypes of HIV-1. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004;37:1160–1165.
Ramos A, Hu DJ, Nguyen L, et al. Intersubtype human immunodeficiency virus type I superinfection following seroconversion to primary infection in two injection drug users. J Virol. 2002;76:7444–7452.
Hu DJ, Vanicheseni S, Mastro TD, et al. Viral load differences in early infection with two HIV-1 subtypes. AIDS. 2001;15:683–691.
Ramos A, Nguyen L, Hu DJ, et al. New HIV-1 CRF01_AE/B recombinants displaying unique distribution of breakpoints from incident infections among injection drug users in Thailand. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2003;19:667–674.
van Griensven F, Keawkungwal J, Tappero JW, et al. Lack of increased HIV risk behavior among injecting drug users participating in the AIDSVAX B/E HIV vaccine trial in Bangkok, Thailand. AIDS. 2004;18:295–301.
Molotilov V, Sofronova R, Gusseynova N, et al. Rapid increase in HIV rates — Orel Oblast, Russia Federation, 1999–2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2003;52:657–660.
Santibanez SS, Sofronova R, Nelson RJ, et al. Building on Russian HIV surveillance: the CDC Orel AIDS center enhanced surveillance project, 2002–2003. In: XV International AIDS Conference; July 11–16, 2004; Bangkok, Thailand.
Bobkov AF, Kazennova EV, Selimova LM, et al. Temporal trends in the HIV-1 epidemic in Russia: predominance of subtype A. J Med Virol. 2004;74:191–196.
Hader SL. Rapid rise in HIV rates among injection drug users (IDUs) in rural Russia: Orel Oblast, October 2001. In: Turning Research into Prevention Seminar Series (CDC); April 17, 2002; Atlanta, GA.
Broyles L. HIV sexual risk behaviors among female sex partners of injection drug users —Orel, Russia, 2002. In: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 52nd Annual Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) Conference, April 2, 2003; Atlanta, GA.
Pokrovskii VV. HIV infection in Russia: a prediction [in Russian]. Voprosy Virusologii. 2004;49:31–34.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Greenberg, A.E., Tappero, J., Choopanya, K. et al. CDC international HIV prevention research activities among injection drug users in Thailand and Russia. J Urban Health 82 (Suppl 4), iv24–iv33 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1093/jurban/jti105
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jurban/jti105