Abstract
We compare the spectra and abundances of heavy elements of atomic number Z in the range 34 ≤ Z ≤ 40 with those of He, C, O, Ne, Si, and Fe, as observed on the Wind spacecraft, in the large solar energetic particle (SEP) events of 1998 April 20 and 2000 July 14. This is the first time that spectra of the rare, trans-Fe, 34 ≤ Z ≤ 40 ions have been measured in SEP events. We use the systematic dependence of the spectral e-folding energies on the charge-to-mass ratio (Q/A) of the species to estimate ionization states of each species. Ionization states of Q ~ 11 for ions with 34 ≤ Z ≤ 40 are comparable to those for Si and Fe.
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