Ecological speciation in darkness? Spatial niche partitioning in sibling subterranean spiders (Araneae : Linyphiidae : Troglohyphantes)
Stefano Mammola A , Miquel A. Arnedo B , Paolo Pantini C , Elena Piano A , Nicolò Chiappetta A and Marco Isaia A D
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
B Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences & Biodiversity Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
C Museo civico di Scienze Naturali ‘E. Caffi’, Bergamo, Italy.
D Corresponding author. Email: marco.isaia@unito.it
Invertebrate Systematics 32(5) 1069-1082 https://doi.org/10.1071/IS17090
Submitted: 30 November 2017 Accepted: 14 March 2018 Published: 4 October 2018
Abstract
Speciation in subterranean habitats is commonly explained as the result of divergent selection in geographically isolated populations; conversely, the contribution of niche partitioning in driving subterranean species diversification has been rarely quantified. The present study integrated molecular and morphological data with a hypervolume analysis based on functional traits to investigate a potential case of parapatric speciation by means of niche differentiation in two sibling spiders inhabiting contiguous subterranean habitats within a small alpine hypogean site. Troglohyphantes giachinoi, sp. nov. and T. bornensis are diagnosed by small details of the genitalia, which are likely to be involved in a reproductive barrier. Molecular analysis recovered the two species as sister, and revealed a deep genetic divergence that may trace back to the Messinian (~6 million years ago). The hypervolume analysis highlighted a marginal overlap in their ecological niches, coupled with morphological character displacement. Specifically, T. giachinoi, sp. nov. exhibits morphological traits suitable for thriving in the smaller pores of the superficial network of underground fissures (Milieu Souterrain Superficiel, MSS), whereas T. bornensis shows a greater adaptation to the deep subterranean habitat. Our results suggest that different selective regimes within the subterranean environment, i.e. deep caves v. MSS, may either drive local speciation or facilitate contiguous distributions of independently subterranean adapted species.
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