Abstract
The Turkish-Armenian interstate relations do not appear to have been a problematic issue in the first half of the 1990s. Turkey recognized Azerbaijan on November 9, 1991, and a month later on December 19, all the other states of the former USSR. Turkey established diplomatic relations with Azerbaijan and Georgia in 1992. However, diplomatic relations were though never established with Armenia. In April 1993, Turkey sealed its border with Armenia by closing the Doðu Kapý/Akhourian crossing and halting direct land communications between the two countries in view of the escalating conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh between Armenia and Azerbaijan, and more precisely after the Armenian offensive against Kelbajar which triggered a massive flow of refugees. The border has since been closed and bilateral diplomatic relations have never been established.
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Notes
Burcu Gültekin and Nicolas Tavitian, Les Relations Arméno-Turques: la Porte Close de l’Orient (Brussels: Group for Research and Information on Peace and Security, 2003).
David L. Phillips, Unsilencing the Past: Track Two Diplomacy and Turkish-Armenian Reconciliation (New York: Berghahn Books, 2005).
For a precise mapping of Turkish-Armenian civil society initiatives see Burcu Gültekin Punsmann and Esra Çuhadar Reflecting on the Two Decades of Bridging the Divide: Taking Stock of Turkish-Armenian Civil Society Activities (Ankara: TEPAV, 2012).
Constanze Letsch “Turkey Eclipses Centenary of Armenian Massacre by moving Gallipoli Memorial,” The Guardian, April 16, 2015. Accessed on: May 5, 2015. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/16/turkey-armenia-1915-centenary-gallipoli-massacre-genocide
Burcu Gültekin Punsmann, Paving the Way for Turkish-Armenian Reconciliation: A Personal Account (Istanbul: Turkey Analysis, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 2013).
Ahmet Davutoğlu, “Turks and Armenians—we must follow Erdoğan’s lead and bury our common pain,” The Guardian, May, 2, 2014. Accessed on August 27, 2014. http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/may/02/turks-armenians-erdogan-condolences-1915-armenian-massacre
Menekse Tokyay, “Armenian Foundation Opens Office in İstanbul to Improve Dialogue,”, SES Türkiye, November 29, 2013. Accessed on August 27, 2014., http://turkey.setimes.com/en_GB/articles/ses/articles/features/departments/world/2013/11/29/feature-02.
Krikor Amirzayan, “Erdoğan rappelle ‘cette magnifique mosquée a été construite par un architecte arménien,’”, Armenews, June 8, 2014. Accessed on August 27, 2014. http://www.armenews.com/article.php3?id_article=100595.
Tuncay Kayaoğlu, “Istanbul Armenians Build First School since 1923,” Anatolian News Agency, June 5, 2014. Accessed on August 27, 2014. http://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkey/340495-istanbul-armenians-build-first-school-since-1923.
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© 2015 B. Senem Çevik and Philip Seib
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Punsmann, B.G. (2015). Addressing Controversy I: Public Diplomacy between Turkey and Armenia. In: Çevik, B.S., Seib, P. (eds) Turkey’s Public Diplomacy. Palgrave Macmillan Series in Global Public Diplomacy. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137466983_9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137466983_9
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