Skip to main content

More Proof, If Proof Were Needed: Spectacles of Secular Insistence, Multicultural Failure, and the Contemporary Laundering of Racism

  • Chapter
Transformations of Religion and the Public Sphere

Part of the book series: Palgrave Politics of Identity and Citizenship Series ((CAL))

Abstract

Innocence of Muslims is a trailer in search of its film, featuring actors in search of their roles, directed by a propagandist sought by the FBI. It did eventually find its audiences, active audiences that could, in many instances, act on it without having seen it. If this kind of reaction is usually held up as evidence of censorious ignorance, in this instance it was merely adequate to the form, as the globally circulated trailer was conceived with relatively firm expectations of its viewers and witnesses. Posted on YouTube during July 2012 by Nakoula Basseley Nakoula — an Egyptian-American Coptic Christian who used the pseudonym ‘Sam Bacile’ — what has become known as the Innocence of Muslims exists for the vast majority of its audience as a 14-minute pastiche, The Real Life of Muhammad, a ‘trailer’ for an unverified full-length movie called The Innocence of Bin Laden allegedly screened in Hollywood during June 2012.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 19.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 29.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abdul-Ahad, G. (2012). ‘Anti-Western Violence Gripping the Arab World Has Little to Do with a Film.’ The Guardian, 14 September.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arendt, H. (1966). The Origins of Totalitarianism. New York: Harcourt Brace.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arun Kundnani (2012). Twenty-first Century Crusaders, Critical Muslim (3), June 2012. http://criticalmuslim.com/issues/03

  • Back, L. (2006). ‘The Problem of the Immigration Line: State Racism and Bare Life.’ In A. Lentin and R. Lentin (eds) Race and State. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balibar, E. and Wallerstein, I. (1991). Race, Nation, Class: Ambiguous Identities. London: Verso.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker, M. (1981). The New Racism: Conservatives and the Ideology of the Tribe. London: Junction Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolt, N. (2012). The Violent Image: Insurgent Propaganda and the New Revolutionaries. London: Hurst & Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowen, J. (2011). ‘Europeans against Multiculturalism.’ The Boston Review. July/August.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradshaw, P. (2012). ‘A Dark Demonstration of the Power of Film.’ The Guardian, film blog retrieved from http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/filmblog/2012/sep/17/innocence of-muslims demonstration-film [last accessed 10 February 2013].

  • Braidotti, R. (2008). ‘In Spite of the Times: The Postsecular Turn in Feminism.’ Theory Culture & Society 25(6), 1–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burtenshaw, Ronán (2012). An Interview With Dr Barnor Hesse — Part 1. In: Irish Left Review, 24.10.2012. http://www.irishleftreview.org/2012/10/24/raceocracy/.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carr, M. (2006). ‘You Are Now Entering Eurabia.’ Race & Class 48(1), 1–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, C. (2009). Reflections on the Revolution in Europe: Can Europe be the Same with Different People in It? London: Doubleday.

    Google Scholar 

  • Copé, J.-F. (2012). ‘Copé dénonce l’existence d’un “racisme antiBlanc”.’ Le Figaro, 26 September 2012. Retrieved from http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2012/09/26/01002–20120926ARTFIG00428-cope-denonce-l-existence-d-un-racisme-anti-blanc.php [last accessed 10 August 2014].

  • Dowling, S. (2012). ‘Far-right German Group Plans to Show Anti-Islamic Film.’ The Guardian. 16 September.

    Google Scholar 

  • Durham Peters, J. (2005). Courting the Abyss: Free Speech and the Liberal Tradition. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Du Bois, W. E. Burghardt (1897). The Conservation of Races. The American Negro Academy Occasional Papers, No.2. Washington, D.C.: Published by the Academy, p. 75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Du Bois, W. E. Burghardt (1940). ‘The Concept of Race’, in Dusk of Dawn, p. 59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Etienne Balibar (1994). Masses, Classes, Ideas: Studies on Politics and Philosophy Before and After Marx. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fekete, L. (2009). A Suitable Enemy: Racism, Migration and Islamophobia in Europe. London: Pluto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fekete, L. (2012). ‘The Muslim Conspiracy Theory and the Oslo Massacre.’ Race & Class 53(30), 30–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fleras, A. (2009). The Politics of Multiculturalism. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Gilroy, Paul (2002). Against Race: Imagining Political Culture Beyond the Colour Line. Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, D.T. (1993). Racist Culture: Philosophy and the Politics of Meaning. Wiley-Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, D.T. (2009). The Threat of Race: Reflections on Racial Neoliberalism. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grillo, R. (2007). ‘An Excess of Alterity? Debating Difference in a Multicultural Society.’ Ethnic and Racial Studies 30(6), 979–998.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guild, E., Groenendijk, K. and Carrera, S. (eds) (2009). Illiberal States: Immigration, Citizenship and Integration in the EU. Farnham, UK: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hervik, P. (2009). ‘Original Spin and its Side Effects: Freedom of Speech As Danish News Management’, in A. Philips, R. Kunelius, and E. Eide (eds).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hesse, B. (2011). ‘Self-fulfilling Prophecy: The Post-Racial Horizon.’ South Atlantic Quarterly, Winter 110(1), 155–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hewitt, R. (2012). ‘Multiculturalism.’ Acta Sociologica 55(3), 289–293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ibrahim, Y. (2007). ‘9/11 as a New Temporal Base for Islam: The Narrative and Temporal Framing for Islam in Crisis.’ Contemporary Islam 1(1), 37–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Isin, E.F. (2004). ‘The Neurotic Citizen.’ Citizenship Studies 8(3), 217–235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jakobsen, J.R. and Pellegrini, A. (2008). ‘Times Like These.’ In J.R. Jakobsen and A. Pellegrini (eds) Secularisms. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Khazan, Olga (2014). ‘ Charlie Hebdo cartoons spark debate over free speech and Islamophobia.’ The Washington Post, 9/19/2012 http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/post/charlie-hebdo-cartoons-spark-debate-over-free-speech-and-islamophobia/2012/09/19/4b3ba988–026b-11e2–9b24-ff730c7f6312_blog.html (last accessed 17 August 2014)

  • Klausen, J. (2009). The Cartoons that Shook the World. Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kyriakides, C. and Torres, R.D. (2012). Race Defaced: Paradigms of Pessimism, Politics of Possibility. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lentin, A. (2004). Racism & Anti-Racism in Europe. London: Pluto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lentin, A. and Titley, G. (2011). The Crises of Multiculturalism: Racism in a Neoliberal Age. London: Zed Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lovink, G. (2011). Networks Without a Cause. Cambridge: Polity.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacKinnon, R. and Zuckerman, E. (2012). ‘Don’t Feed the Trolls.’ Index on Censorship 41(4), 14–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitropoulos, A. (2008). ‘The Materialisation of Race in Multi-Culture.’ Darkmatter. Retrieved from www.darkmatter101.org/site [last accessed 2 February 2013].

  • Omi, M. and Winant, H. (1994). Racial Formation in the United States. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters, John Durham (2009). ‘Afterword: In Quest of Even Better Heresies.’ in A. Philips, R. Kunelius, and E. Eide (eds) Transnational Media Events: The Mohammed Cartoons and the Imagined Clash of Civilizations. Gothenburg: Nordicom.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, A. (2007). Multiculturalism without Culture. Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, A. and Saharso, S. (2008). ‘The Rights of Women and the Crisis of Multiculturalism.’ Ethnicities 8(3), 2–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pitcher, B. (2009). The Politics of Multiculturalism: Race and Racism in Contemporary Britain. Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Scott Long (2009). ‘Unbearable Witness: How Western Activists (mis)recognize Sexuality in Iran.’ Contemporary Politics 15(1), 119–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seymour, R. (2012). ‘2083: Breivik’s 21 st Century Fascist Manifesto.’ In E. Humphrys, G. Rundle, and T. Tietze (eds) On Utøya: Anders Breivik, Right Terror, Racism and Europe. London: Elguta Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sparrow, J. (2012). ‘The weaponization of Atheism’, Counterpunch, April 9. http://www.counterpunch.org/2012/04/09/the-weaponization-of-atheism/ (last accessed 17 August 2014)

  • Stolcke, V. (1995). ‘Talking Culture: New Boundaries, New Rhetorics of Exclusion in Europe.’ Current Anthropology 36(1), 1–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taguieff, P. (1989). La Force du Prejugé: Essai sur le Racisme et ses Doubles. Paris: La Découverte.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tax, M. (2012). ‘The Politics of Provocation.’ Open Democracy. 18 September, retrieved from http://www.opendemocracy.net/5050/meredith-tax/politics-of-provocation [last accessed 2 February 2013].

  • Taylor, C. (2007). A Secular Age. Boston: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tebble, A.J. (2006). ‘Exclusion for Democracy.’ Political Theory 34(4), 463–489.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Titley, G. (2012). ‘Exclusion through Openness? A Tentative Anatomy of the Ritual of Migration Debates.’ CollEgium, Journal of the Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies 11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wade, P. (2010). ‘The Presence and Absence of Race.’ Patterns of Prejudice 44(1), 43–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walton, S.J. (2012). ‘Anti-feminism and Misogyny in Breivik’s “Manifesto”.’ NORA — Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research 20(1), 4–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wise, A. and S. Velayutham (eds) (2009). Everyday Multiculturalism. Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yilmaz, F. (2011). ‘The Politics of the Danish Cartoons Affair: Hegemonic Intervention by the Extreme Right.’ Communication Studies 62(1), 5–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Young, Robert (1995). Colonial Desire. Hybridity in Theory, Culture, and Race. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2014 Alana Lentin and Gavan Titley

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lentin, A., Titley, G. (2014). More Proof, If Proof Were Needed: Spectacles of Secular Insistence, Multicultural Failure, and the Contemporary Laundering of Racism. In: Braidotti, R., Blaagaard, B., de Graauw, T., Midden, E. (eds) Transformations of Religion and the Public Sphere. Palgrave Politics of Identity and Citizenship Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137401144_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics