Abstract
Over recent decades, historians, sociologists and policymakers have begun to pursue the psyche in earnest. From histories of fear and empathy to policy initiatives in education and social welfare, the psyche appears as an elusive but authoritative entity that will provide the grounds of an effective politics and reveal the inner meaning of historical experience. Much has been made of the novelty of these developments. The rise of the so-called happiness agenda is presented by its apostles as a new kind of political dispensation.1 Similarly historians who have embraced psychoanalytic and neuropsychological insights in their writings believe that this has allowed them to escape the cultural theorists’ dead-end obsession with discourse and representation.2 Yet despite the promise and energy associated with these new approaches, the pursuit of the psyche has been marked by a certain ambivalence. Although researchers might celebrate their engagement with psychological life, this engagement is often perceived as demonstrating the limitations of their disciplines. Despite the broadly accepted idea that role and identity is socially constructed, some small aspect of selfhood remains beyond the scope of sociological or economic explanation. Thus in the writings of some contemporary historians on subjectivity, the real essence of the self is located outside history in, for instance, a different temporal order of evolutionary adaptation, a neurobiological affect program or the romantic sublime of the deep unconscious, which is said to resist the claims of social determinism and narrative representation.3
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Notes
Nicola Bacon, Marcia Brophy, Nina Mguni, Geoff Mulgan, and Anna Shandro, The State of Happiness, Can Public Policy Shape Wellbeing and Resilience (London: The Young Foundation, 2009).
Richard Layard, Happiness, Lessons from a New Science (London: Allen Lane, 2005).
Danny Blanchflower and Andrew Oswald, Well-being Over Time in Britain and the USA. Warwick Economic Research Papers no. 616, 2001.
R. E. Lane, The Loss of Happiness in Market Democracies (London: Yale University Press, 2000); [Office of National Statistics], Measuring National Wellbeing, National Statistician’s Reflections on the National Debate on Measuring Wellbeing (Newport: HMSO, 2011).
Victoria E. Bonnell and Lynn Hunt, “Introduction,” in Victoria E. Bonnell and Lynn Hunt, eds., Beyond the Cultural Turn (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), 1–34.
For the attempt to locate the emotional life in a different temporal order (the evolutionary environment of earliest adaptation), see Daniel L. Smail, On Deep History and the Brain (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008).
Lynn Hunt, “The Experience of Revolution,” French Historical Studies 32. (2009), 671–678.
On neurobiology, see J. Carter Wood, “The Limits of Culture? Society, Evolutionary Psychology and Violence,” Cultural and Social History 4 (2007), 95–114.
Avner Offer, The Challenge of Affluence (Oxford: Oxfor University Press, 2003), 294–298, 347–355.
For recent histories of subjectivity that seek to reserve a place for selfhood outside the play of discourse and representation, see James Hinton, Nine Wartime Lives, Mass Observation and the Making of the Modern Self (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), 19.
Michael Roper, “Slipping Out of View, Subjectivity and Emotion in Gender history,” History Workshop Journal 59.1 (2005), 57–72.
Frederic Jameson, The Political Unconscious (Brighton: University Paperbacks, 1981), 22.
There is now a very fine literature on the early uptake of psychoanalysis in Great Britain but this literature remains wedded to the idea of psychological enlightenment. It follows the early lead of Bob Hinshelwood and Dean Rapp in identifying points of cultural access for the new science. See R. D. Hinshelwood, “Psychoanalysis in Britain, Points of Cultural Access, 1893–1918,” International Journal of Psychoanalysis 76 (1995), 135–151.
Dean Rapp, “The Reception of Freud by the British Press, General Interest and Literary Magazines, 1920–25,” Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 24 (1988), 191–207.
Dean Rapp, “The Early Doiscovery of Freud by the British General Educated Public, 1912–1919,” Social History of Medicine 3 (1990), 217–243.
Sandra Ellesley, Psychoanalysis in Early Twentieth-Century England, a Study in the Popularization of Ideas, University of Essex, PhD, 1995.
Laura Cameron and John Forrester, “Tansley’s Psychoanalytic Network, an Episode Out of the Early History of Psychoanalysis in England,” Psychoanalysis and History 2.2 (2000), 189–256.
John Forrester, “Freud in Cambridge,” Critical Quarterly 46.2 (2004), 1–26.
George Makari, Revolution in Mind, The Creation of Psycholanalysis (New York: Harper, 2008), chapters 9, 11.
Susan Raitt, “Early British Psychoanalysis and the Medico-Psychological Clinic,” HWJ 58 (2004), 64–85.
Graham Richards, “Britain on the Couch, The Popularisation of Psychoanalysis in Britain 1918–1940,” Science in Context 13.2 (2000), 183–230.
For a striking exception, see Mathew Thomson, Psychological Subjects, Identity, Culture and Health in Twentieth-Century Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006).
For example, Michael Roper, “Between Manliness and Masculinity, the “War Generation” and the Psychology of Fear in Britain, 1914–1970,” Journal of British Studies 44.2 (2005), 343–363.
For ideas of emergence in scientific practice, see Peter Galison, “Reflections on Image and Logic, A Material Culture of Microphysics,” Perspectives on Science 7.2 (1999), 255–284.
Hans-Jorg Rheinberger, Towards a History of Epistemic Things, Synthesizing Proteins in a Test Tube (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997).
Andy Pickering, “The Mangle of Practice, Agency and Emergence in the Sociology of Science,” American Journal of Sociology 99.3 (1993), 559–589.
“On Becoming, Imagination, Metaphysics and the Mangle,” in Don Ihde and Evan Selinger, eds., Chasing Technoscience, Matrix for Materiality (Bloomginton, IN: Indiana University Press, 2003), 96–116.
“Science as Alchemy,” in Joan Scott, Deborah Keates, and Clifford Geertz, eds., Schools of Thought, Twenty-Five Years of Interpretive Social Science (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), 194–206.
Gilles Deleuze, “What is a dispositif?” in T. J. Armstrong, ed., Michel Foucault, Philosopher (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1992), 159–168.
Alasdair MacIntyre, “How Psychology Makes Itself True—or False,” in Sigmund Koch and D. E. Leary, eds., A Century of Psychology as Science (Washington DC: American Psychological Association, 1992), 897–903.
For good accounts of this reflexive process, see Roger Smith, “The History of Psychological Categories,” Studies in the History and Philosophy of the Biological and Biomedical Sciences 36 (2005), 55–94; Being Human, Historical Knowledge and the Creation of Human Nature (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2007), 74–83.
Graham Richards, Putting Psychology in its Place (London: Routledge, 2002), chapter 1.
For illustrative studies of these particular categories, see Steven Brown, The Life of Stress, The Saying and Seeing of Dysphoria, University of Reading PhD Thesis, 1997; C. F. Goodey, A History of Intelligence and “Intellectual Disabilty” (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2011).
Ian Hacking, Rewriting the Soul, Multiple Personality and the Sciences of Memory (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995).
For the idea that emotion states are sustained by different language communities, see Barbara Rosenwein, Emotional Communities in the Early Middle Ages (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997).
For the significance of material change in creating new forms of experience, see E. Thompson, “Folklore, Anthropology and Social History,” in J. L. Noyce, ed., Studies in Labour History (Brighton: Noyce, 1979), 21.
Kurt Danziger, “When History, Theory and Philosophy Meet. The Biography of Psychological Objects,” in D. B. Hill and M. J. Kral, eds., About Psychology, Essays at the Crossroads of History, Theory and Philosophy (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2003), 19–34.
K. Danziger, Naming the Mind (London: Sage, 1997), 186–193.
L. Daston, “Introduction, The Coming into Being of Scientific Objects,” in L. Daston, ed., Biographies of Scientific Objects (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 1–14.
Aubrey Lewis, “The Ambiguous Word ‘Anxiety,’” International Journal of Psychiatry 9 (1970), 61–79.
Theodore Sarbin, “Ontogeny Recapitulates Phylogeny, The Mythic Nature of Anxiety,” American Psychologist 23.6 (1968), 411–418.
German Berrios, The History of Mental Symptoms (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 264–273.
S. Freud, “On the Grounds for Detaching a Particular Syndrome from Neurasthenia under the Description ‘Anxiety Neurosis’ [1894/95],” in J. Strachey, ed., The Standard Edition of Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (hereafter SE) (London: The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psychoanalysis, 1978), 92–99.
A. C. Oerlemans, Development of Freud’s Conception of Anxiety (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co., 1949); James Strachey, “Editor’s Introduction, Hemmung, Symptom, Angst,” in SE 20, 77–86.
Useful overviews, see Bartrip, Workmen’s Compensation in Twentieth-Century Britain (Aldershot: Gower, 1987).
E. Hennock, The Origin of the Welfare State in England and Germany (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007).
A. Wilson and H. Levy, Workmen’s Compensation 2 vols (London: Oxford University Press, 1939, 1941).
Ralph Harrington, “The Railway Accident, Trains, Traumas and Technological Crises in Nineteenth-Century Britain,” in M. Micale and Lerner, eds., Traumatic Pasts, History, Psychiatry and Trauma in the Modern Age, 1870–1930 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001); “On the Tracks of Trauma, Railway Spine Reconsidered,” Social History of Medicine 16.2 (2003), 209–223.
Victorian Railways v. Coultas [1888] A C. 222 (J.C.C); Dulieu v. White [1901] 2 K.B. 669; and Hambrook v. Stokes [1925] 1 K.B. 141. The best overview remains Hubert Winston Smith, “Emotions to Injury and Disease, Legal Liability for Psychic Stimuli,” Virginia Law Review 30.2 (1944), 193–317.
Hubert Winston Smith and Harry C. Solomon, “Traumatic Neuroses in Court,” Virginia Law Review 30.1 (1943), 87–175.
Danuta Mendelson, The Interfaces of Medicine and Law, The History of the Liability for Negligently Caused Psychiatric Injury (“Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998).
In the Matter of Arbitration between Etherington and the Lancashire and Yorkshire Accident Insurance Company [1909] 1 KB591, 598 repr in John Lowry and Phillip Rawlings, “Proximate Causation in Insurance Law,” Modern Law Review 68.2 (2005), 310–319.
Gilbert Stone and William Andrew Woods, Workmen’s Compensation and Insurance Reports (London: Stevens and Co., 1933), 118.
[Editorial], “Malingering and the Workmen’s Compensation Act,” BMJ (June 24, 1911), 1473–1474; [Anon], “The Case of the Malingerer,” Lancet (February 1, 1913), 330; R. C. Buist, “Medical Etiquette, Ethics and Politics,” BMJ (March 21, 1914), 642–643.
A. Digby and N. Bosanquet, “Doctors and Patients in an Era of National Health Insurance and Private Practice, 1913–38,” Economic History Review 2nd series, XLI (1988), 79–94.
Norman Eder, “Medical Opinion and the First Year of National Health Insurance,” Albion 11 (1979), 157–171; National Health Insurance and the Medical Profession in Britain, 1913–1939 (New York: Garland Publishing, 1982), 45–47, 189–190.
Roger Cooter, “Malingering in Modernity, Psychological Scripts and Adversarial Encounters during the First World War,” in Roger Cooter, Mark Harrison, and Steve Sturdy, eds., War, Medicine and Modernity (Stroud: Sutton Publishing, 1999), 125–148.
“The Moment of the Accident, Culture, Militarism and Modernity in Late Victorian Britain,” in Roger Cooter and Bill Luckin, eds., Accidents in History, Injuries, Fatalities and Social Relations (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1997); Mathew Thomson, [[NOTE MATHEW NOT MATTHEW]]”Neurasthenia in Britain, An Overview,” in Marijke Gijswijt-Hofstra and Roy Porter, eds., Cultures of Neurasthenia, From Beard to the First World War [Clio Medica 63] (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2002), 85–88.
Joanna Bourke, Dismembering the Male: Men’s Bodies, Britain and the Great War, (London: Reaktion, 1996), 79–84.
William Brown, “Psychology and Medicine,” in William Brown, ed., Psychology and the Sciences (London: A. & C. Black, 1924), 145; “Mind, Doctor or Patient,” The Listener (July 4, 1934), 35.
Karl Figlio, ‘How Does Illness Mediate Social Relations? Workmen’s Compensation and Medico-Legal Practices, 1900–1940,’, The Problem of Medical Knowledge (Edinburgh: University Press, 1982) 174–224. Jo Melling, “Where did work stress come from? Scientific Research, Lay Experience and the Culture of ‘Industrial Fear’ in the British workplace, c. 1890–1946,” in D. Cantor and E. Ramsden, eds., Stress, Trauma and Adaptation in the Twentieth Century (Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, forthcoming).
R. A. Kaanan and S. Wessely, “The Origins of Factitious Disorder,” History of the Human Sciences 23 (2010), 68–86.
Dyce Duckworth, “Discussion,” in Thomas Oliver, Some Medical and Insurance Problems Arising Out of Recent Industrial Legislation (London: Life Assurance and Medical Officers Association, 1909), 111.
Collie, “Malingering,” BMJ (September 13, 1913), 645.
See also A. M’Kendrick, Malingering and its Detection under the Workmen’s Compensation and other Acts (Edinburgh, E. &. S. Livingstone, 1912), 25–26.
W. H. Brook, “On the Working of the Workmen’s Compensation Act of 1906,” BMJ (July 16, 1910), 133–135, on 134.
A. Murri, “Traumatic Neuroses,” Universal Medical Record 2 (August 1912), 97–116.
J. W. Geary Grant, “The Traumatic Neuroses,” The Practitioner XCIII (July 1914), 26–43, esp 42–43, on the intermixing of hysteria and malingering.
William Thorburn, “Presidential Address, The Traumatic Neuroses,” Proc. RSM 7 (1914) [Section of Neurology], 12.
Lumsden, “The Psychology of Malingering and Functional Neuroses in Peace and War,” Lancet (November 18, 1916), 861.
See also T. Muirhead Martin, “Malingering and National Insurance,” Clinical Journal 43.1 (1914), 14–16.
F. Palmer, “Traumatic Neuroses and Psychoses,” Practitioner 86 (1911), 808–820.
A. Bassett Jones and L. J. Llewellyn, Malingering or the Simulation of Disease (London: Heinemann, 1917), 64.
E. F. Buzzard “The Psychology of Traumatic Amblyopia,” Proc. RSM 8 [Neurological Section] (1915), 66.
On military pensions, see Peter Leese, “Problems Returning Home, The British Psychological Casualties of the Great War,” Historical Journal 40 (1997), 1061, 1063; Barham, Forgotten Lunatics, 298–308, 352–354. On the relationship between psychological models and workmen’s compensation, see Figlio, “Workmen’s Compensation and Medico-Legal Practices,” esp. 194–195.
For the role of anxiety in shaping medical investigations of shell-shock cases, see G. Elliott-Smith and T. H. Pear, Shellshock and its Lessons 4th ed. (London: Longman Green, 1919). For Bernard Hart’s evidence to the Southborough Committee, see [Great Britain, War Office], Report of the War Office Committee of Enquiry into “Shell-Shock” (London: HMSO, 1922), 76–80.
E. F. Buzzard, “Psycho-therapuetics,” Lancet (February 17, 1923), 331–332.
The main point of reference for the debate over the psychologization of compensation occurred in the MRC investigations into miners’ nystagmus. Psychologists working for the Industrial Health Research Board argued that small injuries were aggravated by the unconscious desire for award; see Millais Culpin, “The Problem of the Neurasthenic Pensioner,” British Journal of Medical Psychology 10 (1921), 316–328; “A Study of the Incidence of the Minor Psychoses, Their Clinical and Industrial Importance,” Lancet (1928), 220–224; “Nervous Disease and its Significance in Industry,” Medical Standard 52 (1929), 9–14; “The Need for Psychopathology,” Lancet (October 4, 1930), 725; “Some Cases of ‘Traumatic Neurasthenia,’” Lancet (January 10, 1931), 233–237, also editorial”The Psychology of Accident Neuroses,” Lancet (January 10, 1931), 87; “The Nervous Temperament, its Assessment and its Clinical Aspect,” British Journal of Medical Psychology 11 (1931), 32–39; Recent Advances in the Study of Psychoneuroses (London: Churchill, 1931), 192–200.
See also T. A. Ross, “Some Evils of Compensation,” Mental Hygiene 3.4 (1937), 141–145; “Heart and Mind,” in C. M. Bevan Brown, G. E. S. Ward, and F. G. Crookshank, eds., Individual Psychology Theory and Practice [I. Pamphlet no, 15] (London: C. W. Daniel, 1936), 46.
The National Archives TNA PIN 15/2401 Neurasthenia and psychoses, treatment and entitlement to pension, committee’s report (1939); Peter Barham, Forgotten Lunatics of the Great War (London: Yale University, 2004), 375.
Ian Skottowe, “The Psychiatric Out-Patient Clinic,” BMJ (March 14, 1931), 452–453.
Doris Odlum, “The Organization and Staffing of Out-Patient Mental Treatment Clinics,” Mental Hygiene 5 (1939), 57–60.
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J. R. Rees, “Psychotherapeutic Clinics,” in M. Culpin, ed., Recent Advances in the Study of Psychoneuroses (London: Churchill, 1931), 310–329.
C. Blacker, Neurosis in the Mental Health Services (Oxford: Medical Publications, 1946), 5.
C. Blacker, “A Patient’s Dreams as an Index of his Inner Life,” Guy’s Hospital Reports 78.2 (April 1928), 219–245;, Human Values in Psychological Medicine (Oxford: Oxford Medical Publications, 1932).
Stephen Taylor, “The Suburban Neurosis,” Lancet (March 26, 1938), 759–761.
Thomson, “Neurasthenia in Britain,” in Marijke Gijswijt-Hofstra and Roy Porter, eds., Cultures of Neurasthenia, From Beard to the First World War (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2002), 88.
HRH Prince George, “The Place of Mental Health in the Life of the Nation,” Mental Health (1934), 6–7.
On the changing pattern of neurosis, see J. L. Halliday, Psychosocial Medicine, A Study of the Sick Society (London: Heinemann, 1949), 126.
J. A. C. Brown, Freud and the Post-Freudians (London: Penguin, 1961), 61–62.
Wilhelm Reich, The Function of the Orgasm (1942), 57.
John Hewetson, Ill Health, Poverty and the State (London: Freedom Press, 1946), 13.
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W. H. R. Rivers, “War Neurosis and Military Training,” Mental Hygiene 2.4 (1918), 513–553, rept. Instinct and the Unconscious (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1920), 205–227; Henry Head in Report of the War Office Committee of Enquiry into Shellshock (London: HMSO, 1922), 68–69.
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Simon Wessely and Edgar Jones, “Hearts, Guts and Minds, Somatization in the British Military,” J. Psychosomatic Research 56 (2004), 524–529 on changing patterns of embodiment.
J. A. Hadfield, “War Neurosis, a Year in a Neuropathic Hospital,” BMJ, British Medical Journal Part 1 (1942), 281–285; 320–323; Editorial, BMJ 1 (1945), 913.
M. Culpin, “Clinical Psychology, Some Forgotten Episodes,” BMJ (December 1, 1952), 955–958.
J. Rickman, “A Case of Hysteria, Theory and Practice in the Two Wars,” Lancet (June 21, 1941), 785–786.
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On the expanding category of the psychosomatic, see E. Wittkower, “Studies of the Influence of the Emotions on the Functions of the Organs,” Journal of Mental Science 81 (1935), 533–682.
F. Dunbar, Emotions and Bodily Changes (New York: Columbia University Press [1935], 1954) For an overview, see M. Jackson, The Age of Stress, Science and the Search for Stability (Oxford: University Press, forthcoming).
J. L. Halliday, Psycho-Social Medicine (London: William Heinemann Medical Books, 1949), 61–66; “The Incidence of Psychosomatic Affections in Britain,” Psychosomatic Medicine 8 (1945): 135–146.
John MacMurray, “A Philosopher Looks at Psychotherapy,” Individual Psychology Medical Pamphlets no. 20 (1938), 21.
J. A. Hadfield, “Anxiety States,” British Journal of Medical Psychology 9 (1929), 33–37.
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M. Cassidy, “The Treatment of Cardiac Cases,” BMJ (January 13, 1934), 45–47.
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see also “Mental Factors in Illness,” Times (August 22, 1938), 11c. For other follow-up studies, see Harris, “The Prognosis,” 649–654; “Treatment of Neurosis, Neurotic Insured Persons,” National Insurance Gazette (January 9, 1936), 28.
Henry Brackenbury, “Election Address,” National Insurance Gazette (March 11, 1937), 156.
For lower estimates, see D. Bruce Pearson, “Psycho-Neuroses in Hospital Practice,” Lancet (February 19, 1938), 451–456.
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J. L. Halliday, “The Incidence of Psychosomatic Affections in Britain,” Psychosomatic Medicine 7 (1945), 135–145; “Epidemiology and the Psychosomatic Affections,” Lancet (August 19, 1946), 185–186; Psychosocial Medicine, A Study of the Sick Society (London: William Heinemann Medical Books, 1949).
Rhodri Hayward, “Enduring Emotions, James L. Halliday and the Invention of the Psychosocial,” Isis 100 (2009), 827–838.
“The Birth Rate and Insurance,” Post Magazine and Insurance Monitor (December 19, 1936), 2393; “Vital Statistics,” The Insurance Record (December 1937), 360; Ann Oakley, “Eugenics, Social Medicine and the Changing Pattern of Statistics in Britain, 1935–50,” British J. Sociology 42 (1991), 165–194.
Richard Titmuss, Poverty and Population (London: Macmillan, 1938), 202–204.
Richard and Kathleen Titmuss, The Parent’s Revolt, A Study of the Birth Rate in Acquisitive Societies (London: Secker and Warburg, 1942), 16–18.
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Pete Glatter, “London Busmen, Rise and Fall of a Rank and File Movement,” International Socialism 74 (January 1975), 5–11.
For accounts of the illness, see [John Langdon Davies], “Strange Illness of Bus Conductors,” News Chronicle (December 2, 1936), 3.
[William Payne], London Busmen Demand the Right to Live a Little Longer (London: London Busmen’s Rank and File Movement, 1937); “Busmen’s Wives Tell, The Heavy Toll of a Driver’s Job,” Reynolds News (May 2, 1937), 5; “Stomach Pains through Motoring,” Reynolds News (May 16, 1937), 6.
H. Llewellyn Smith et. al., The New Survey of London Life and Labour vol. VII (London Industries III, London, S. King & Son, 1934), 87.
A. Bradford Hill, An Investigation into the Sickness Experience of London Transport Workers in Special Reference to Digestive Disturbances [IHRB Report no. 79] (London: HMSO, 1937).
[Ministry of Labour] Industrial Courts Act, 1919. Report of a Court of Inquiry concerning the Stoppage of the London Central Omnibus Service. Cmnd. 5464 (London: HMSO, 1937).
TNA Lab 10/54 Report of a Court of Inquiry; [Ministry of Labour], The Effect of Working Conditions upon the Health of London Busmen, Report of Conferences between Representatives of the London Passenger Transport Board, the Transport and General Workers Union and the Medical Research Council under the chairmanship of Sir John Forster (London: HMSO, 1939); TNA Lab 10/536 Report of an inquiry by Sir John Forster under the Conciliation Acts 1896 into a dispute between certain trade unions and omnibus undertakings; “The Health of London Busmen,” BMJ (November 18, 1939), 1003–1004.
E. Thompson, “The Moral Economy of the English Crowd,” Past and Present 50.1 (1971), 76–136.
E. G. Winslow, “Keynes and Freud, Psychoanalysis and Keynes Account of the ‘Animal Spirits of Capitalism,’” Social Research 53 (1986), 549–578.
Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936), in CW7, 161–162.
A. Marshall, Principles of Economics [1890] (London: Macmillan, 1945), 1.
Millais Culpin, “The Need for Psychopathology,” Lancet 219 (1930), 725.
[Medical Research Council], Third Report of the Miners’ Nystagmus Committee (London: HMSO, 1932).
E. Dickson, “The Morbid Miner,” Edinburgh Medical Journal 43 (1936), 696–705.
R. S. Brock, “A Study of Miner’s Nystagmus,” BMJ (February 26, 1938), 443–444.
Wootton, Lament for Economics (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1938), 42, 43–44.
Wootton, Freedom under Planning (London, Allen and Unwin, 1945), 24–25.
On Durbin (1906–1948), see Elizabeth, Durbin, New Jerusalems: The Labour Party and the Economics of Democratic Socialism (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1985), esp. chapters 11 and 13.
Stephen Brooke, “Problems of Socialist Planning,” Evan Durbin and the Labour Government of 1945,” The Historical Journal 34.3 (1991), 687–702.
Stephen Brooke, “Evan Durbin, Reassessing a Labour ‘Revisionist,’” Twentieth Century British History 7 (1996), 27–52.
J. Nuttall, “‘Psychological Socialist,’ ‘Militant Moderate’ Evan Durbin and the Politics of Democratic Synthesis,” Labour History Review 68.2 (2003), 235–252; Psychological Socialism. The Labour Party and the Qualities of Mind and Character (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2006), 49–54.
E. F. M. Durbin, The Politics of Democratic Socialism, An Essay in Social Policy (London: George Routledge and Sons Ltd., 1945), 331; (George Routledge and Sons Ltd., 1942), 95–96.
Ben Mayhew, “Between Love and Aggression, the Politics of John Bowlby,” History of the Human Sciences 19.4 (2006), 19–35.
Hugh Gaitskell, “At Oxford in the Twenties,” in A. Briggs and J. Saville, eds., Essays in Labour History (London: Macmillan, 1967), 6–19.
Calder, The Myth of the Blitz (London: Pimlico, 1992).
R. Mackay, Half the Battle, Civilian Morale in Britain during the Second World War (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002).
Edgar Jones, Robin Woolven, Bill Durodie, and Simon Wessely, “Civilian Morale during the Second World War, Responses to Air Raid Re-examined,” Social History of Medicine 17.3 (2004), 463–479.
Battle for Health, A Primer of Social Medicine (London: Nicholoson and Watson [1944]), 122–124 c.f Taylor, MUN Centre for Newfoundland Studies, Stephen Taylor 5.04.008, Labour Party Policy, A White Paper for a Post War World [An unofficial but authoritative statement of Labour’s proposal for reconstruction], 2, 24; Wilson Jameson, “Industry’s Contribution to Positive Health,” in Ministry of Labour Conference on Industrial Health (London: HMSO, 1943), 22–26.
See references to anxiety and neurosis in the debates on the foundation of the health service, HC Deb, June 12, 1945 vol 411 c. 1527 (J. Griffiths), 1537 (J. Boyd-Orr), 1575 (R. McIntyre; H. Morgan); national insurance, HC Deb, October 10, 1945 vol 414 c. 329 (S. Taylor). On the overall need for security, Michael Young, Labour’s Plan for Plenty (London: Victor Gollancz, 1947), 101–120.
For an overview, see Stephen Fielding, “‘To make men and women better than they are?’ Labour and the Building of Socialism in the 1940s,” in J. Fyrth, ed., Labour’s Promised Land? Culture and Society in Labour Britain, 1945–51 (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1995), 16–25.
Aneurin Bevan, 104th Meeting of the RMPA, 1946, JMS Supp (January 1946), 15–16, rept in C. Webster, ed., Aneurin Bevan on the National Health Service (Oxford: WUHOM, 1991), 19.
A. Bevan, In Place of Fear (London: William Heinemann, 1952), 37–38.
On the shift, see Martin Daunton, “Payment and Participation, Welfare and State Formation in Britain, 1900–1951,” Past and Present 150 (1996), 208–212.
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© 2012 Sally Alexander and Barbara Taylor
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Hayward, R. (2012). The Pursuit of Serenity: Psychological Knowledge and the Making of the British Welfare State. In: Alexander, S., Taylor, B. (eds) History and Psyche. Palgrave Studies in Cultural and Intellectual History. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137092427_15
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