Skip to main content

Areal Linguistics: A Closer Scrutiny

  • Chapter
Book cover Linguistic Areas

Abstract

The goal of this chapter is to re-examine areal linguistics and in doing so to arrive at a clearer understanding of the notion of ‘linguistic area’. The conclusion reached is that it is individual historical events of diffusion that count, not the post hoc attempts to impose geographical order on varied conglomerations of these borrowings.

It is not down in any map; true places never are.’

(Herman Melville, Moby Dick)

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 130.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (2001) ‘Areal Diffusion, Genetic Inheritance, and Problems of Subgrouping: A North Arawak Case Study’, in Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald and R. M. W. Dixon (eds), Areal Diffusion and Genetic Inheritance: Problems in Comparative Linguistics (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 167–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. and R. M. W. Dixon (1998) ‘Evidentials and Areal Typology: A Case Study from Amazonia’, Language Sciences, vol. 20, pp. 241–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. and R. M. W. Dixon (2001) ‘Introduction’, in Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald and R. M. W. Dixon (eds), Areal Diffusion and Genetic Inheritance: Problems in Comparative Linguistics (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 1–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aoki, Haruo (1975) ‘East Plateau Linguistic Diffusion Area’, International Journal of American Linguistics, vol. 41, pp. 183–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Becker, Henrick (1948) Der Sprachbund. Leipzig: Humboldt Bücherei Gerhard Mindt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellwood, Peter (2001) ‘Early Agriculturalist Population Diasporas? Farming, Languages and Genes’, Annual Review of Anthropology, vol. 30, pp. 181–207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Birnbaum, Henrik (1965) ‘Balkanslawisch Und Südslawisch’, Zeitschrift für Balkanol-ogie, vol. 3, pp. 13–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloch, Jules (1919) ‘La formation de la langue marathe’, Bibliothèque de l’École des Haute Études. Sciences Historiques et Philologiques, 215 (Paris: Champion).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloch, Jules (1925) ‘Sanskrit et dravidien’, Bulltetin de la Société Linguistique de Paris, vol. 25, pp. 1–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloch, Jules (1930) ‘Some Problems of Indo-Aryan Philology’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, vol. 5, pp. 719–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bloch, Jules (1934) L’Indo-aryen du Véda aux temps modernes; revised English trans. by Alfred Master (1965) Indo-Aryan from the Vedas to Modern Times (Paris: Maissonneuve).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloomfield, Leonard (1933) Language (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston).

    Google Scholar 

  • Boas, Franz (1917) Introduction. International Journal of American Linguistics. (Reprinted: Franz Boas (1940) Race, Language, and Culture (New York: The Free Press), pp. 199–210.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Boas, Franz (1920) ‘The Classification of American Languages’, American Anthropologist vol. 22, pp. 367–76. (Reprinted: Franz Boas (1940) Race, Language, and Culture (New York: The Free Press), pp. 211–8.)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boas, Franz (1929) ‘The Classification of American Indian Languages’, Language, vol. 5, pp. 1–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bright, William and Joel Sherzer (1978) ‘Areal Features in North American Indian Languages’, Variation and Change in Language: Essays by William Bright (Stanford: Stanford University Press), pp. 228–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, Lyle (1985) ‘Areal Linguistics and Its Implications for Historical Linguistic Theory’, in Jacek Fisiak (ed.), Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference of Historical Linguistics (Amsterdam: John Benjamins), pp. 25–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, Lyle (1992) ‘The Meso-American Language Area’, in William Bright and Bernard Comrie (eds), International Encyclopedia of Linguistics, vol. 2 (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 415–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, Lyle (1994) ‘Grammar: Typological and Areal Issues’, in R. E. Asher and J. M. Y. Simpson Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, vol. 3 (London: Pergamon Press), pp. 1471–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, Lyle (1996a) ‘Typological and Areal Issues’, in Keith Brown and Jim Miller (eds), Concise Encyclopedia of Syntactic Theories (Oxford: Pergamon Press), pp. 339–43. [Reprint of 1994, in Encyclopedia of language and linguistics].

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, Lyle (1996b) ‘Phonetics and Phonology’, in Hans Goebl, Peter H. Nelde, Zdenek Stary, and Wolgang Wölck (eds), Contact Linguistics, International Hand-book of Contemporary Research, 14 (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter), pp. 98–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, Lyle (1997a) American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. (Oxford: Oxford University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, Lyle (1997b) ‘Typological and Areal Issues in Reconstruction’, in Jacek Fisiak (ed.), Linguistic Reconstruction and Typology (Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter), pp. 49–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, Lyle (1997c) ‘Genetic Classification, Typology, Areal Linguistics, Language Endangerment, and Languages of the North Pacific Rim’, in Osahito Miyaoka and Minoru Oshima (eds), Languages of the North Pacific Rim, vol. 2 (Kyoto: Kyoto University), pp. 179–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, Lyle (1998) Historical Linguistics: An Introduction (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press). (1999 American rights edition, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, Lyle (2001) ‘Beyond the Comparative Method?’, in Barry Blake and Kate Burridge (eds), Historical Linguistics 2001 (Amsterdam: John Benjamins), pp. 33–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, Lyle (2002) ‘Areal Linguistics’, in Bernard Comrie (ed.), International Encyclopedia of Social and Behavioral Sciences (Oxford: Pergamon), pp. 729–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, Lyle (2003) ‘What Drives Linguistic Diversity?’, in Colin Renfrew and Peter Bellwood (eds), Language-Farming Dispersals. (Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research).

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, Lyle, Terrence Kaufman, and Thomas Smith-Stark (1986). ‘Mesoamerica as a Linguistic Area’, Language, vol. 62, pp. 530–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, Lyle and Marianne Mithun (1979) ‘North American Indian Historical Linguistics in Current Perspective’, in L. Campbell and Marianne Mithun (eds), The Languages of Native America: An Historical and Comparative Assessment (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press), pp. 3–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, Lyle and William Poser (forthcoming) How to Show That Languages Are Related.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chappell, Hilary (2001) ‘Language Contact and Areal Diffusion in Sinitic Languages’, in Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald and R. M. W. Dixon (eds), Areal Diffusion and Genetic Inheritance: Problems in Comparative Linguistics (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 328–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Curnow, Timothy Jowan (2001) ‘What Language Features Can Be “borrowed”?’, in Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald and R. M. W. Dixon (eds), Areal Diffusion and Genetic Inheritance: Problems in Comparative Linguistics (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 412–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahl, Osten (2001) ‘Principles of Areal Typology’, in Martin Haspelmath, Ekkehard König, Wulf Oesterreicher, and Wolfgang Raible (eds), Language Typology and Language Universals: An International Handbook, vol. 2 (Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter), pp. 1456–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darnell, Regna and Joel Sherzer (1971) ‘Areal Linguistic Studies in North America: A Historical Perspective’, International Journal of American Linguistics, vol. 37, pp. 20–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Décsy, G (1973) Die linguistische Struktur Europas: Verganenheit, Gegenwart, Zukunft. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diakonof, I. M. (1990). ‘Language Contacts in the Caucasus and the Near East’, in Thomas Markey and John Greppin (eds), When Worlds Collide (Ann Arbor, MI: Karoma), pp. 53–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. (2001) ‘Areal Diffusion Versus Genetic Inheritance: An African Perspective’, in Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald and R. M. W. Dixon (eds), Areal Diffusion and Genetic Inheritance: Problems in Comparative Linguistics (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 358–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, R. M. W. (1997). The Rise and Fall of Languages (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Dryer, Matthew (1989) ‘Large Linguistic Areas and Language Sampling’, Studies in Language, vol. 13, pp. 257–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ebel, Hermann (1856) Über die Lehnwörter der deutsche Sprache (Berlin: Programm Lehr- und Erziehungs-Institut auf Ostrowo bei Filehre).

    Google Scholar 

  • Emeneau, Murray B. (1956) –India as a Linguistic Area’, Language, vol. 32, pp. 3–16; reprinted in Language and Linguistic Area, Essays by Murray B. Emeneau, selected and introduced by Anwar S. Dil (Stanford: Stanford University Press), pp. 38–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emeneau, Murray B. (1965) ‘India and Linguistic Areas’, India and Historical Grammar. Ammamalai University, Department of Linguistics, Pub. No. 5, 25–75; reprinted: Language and Linguistic Area, Essays by Murray B. Emeneau, selected and introduced by Anwar S. Dil (Stanford: Stanford University Press), pp. 126–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emeneau, Murray B. (1971) ‘Dravidian and Indo-Aryan: The Indian Linguistic Area’, in André F. Sjoberg (ed.), Symposium on Dravidian civilization (New York: Jenkins Publishing Co, Pemberton Press); reprinted in Language and Linguistic Area, Essays by Murray B. Emeneau, selected and introduced by Anwar S. Dil (Stanford: Stanford University Press), pp. 167–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emeneau, Murray B. (1974) ‘The Indian Linguistic Area Revisited’, International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, vol. 3, pp. 92–134; reprinted in Language and linguistic area, essays by Murray B. Emeneau, selected and introduced by Anwar S. Dil (Stanford: Stanford University Press), pp. 197–249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emeneau, Murray B. (1978). ‘Review of Defining a Linguistic Area, by Colin P. Masica’. Language, vol. 54, pp. 201–10; reprinted with additions in Language and Linguistic Area, Essays by Murray B. Emeneau, selected and introduced by Anwar S. Dil (Stanford: Stanford University Press), pp. 1–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friedrich, Paul (1975) Proto-Indo-European Syntax: The Order of Meaningful Elements. Journal of Indo-European Studies, Memoir 1 (Butte, Montana: College of Mineral Science).

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrett, Andrew (1999) ‘A New Model of Indo-European Subgrouping and Dispersal’, Berkeley Linguistics Society, vol. 25, pp. 146–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giannini, Stefania and Stefania Scaglione (2002) ‘On Defining the Notion of Areality Coefficient: The Diagnostic Value of Quantitative Criteria’, in Paolo Ramat and Thomas Stolz (eds), Mediterranean Languages: Papers from the MEDTYP Workshop, Tirrenia, June 2000 (Bochum: Brockmeyer), pp. 151–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Girard, (abbé) Gabriel (1747) Les vrais principes de la langue française ou la parole réduite en méthode conformément aux loix de l’usage en seize discours (Paris: Le Breton).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gumperz, John J. and Robert Wilson (1971). ‘Convergence and Creolization: A Case from the Indo-Aryan/Dravidian Border in India’, in Dell Hymes (ed.), Pidginization and Creolization (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 151–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haarmann, Harald (1976) Aspekte der Areal-typologie: die Problematik der europäischen Sprachbünde (Tübingen: Gunter Narr).

    Google Scholar 

  • Haas, Mary R. (1978) Language, Culture, and History, Essays by Mary R. Haas, selected and introduced by Anwar S. Dil (Stanford: Stanford University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Haig, Jeffrey (2001) ‘Linguistic Diffusion in Present-Day East Anatolia: From Top to Bottom’, in Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald and R. M. W. Dixon (eds), Areal Diffusion and Genetic Inheritance: Problems in Comparative Linguistics (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 195–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamp, Eric (1977) ‘On Some Questions of Areal Linguistics’, Berkeley Linguistics Society, vol. 3, pp. 279–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haspelmath, Martin (1998) ‘How Young Is Standard Average European’, Language Sciences, vol. 20, pp. 271–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heath, Jeffrey (1978) Linguistic Diffusion in Arnhem Land (Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies).

    Google Scholar 

  • Heath, Jeffrey (1997) ‘Lost Wax: Abrupt Replacement of Key Morphemes in Australian Agreement Complexes’, Diachronica, vol. 14, pp. 197–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heine, Bernd (1994) ‘Areal Influence on Grammaticalization’, in M. Pütz (ed.), Language Contact and Language Conflict (Amsterdam: John Benjamins), pp. 55–68.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Heine, Bernd and Tania Kuteva (2001) ‘Convergence and Divergence in the Development of African Languages’, in Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald and R. M. W. Dixon (eds), Areal Diffusion and Genetic Inheritance: Problems in Comparative Linguistics (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 393–411.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, Eugénie J. A. (1965) ‘The Topography of Certain Phonetic and Morphological Characteristics of South East Asian Language’, Lingua, vol. 15, pp. 400–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hickey, Raymond (1999) ‘Ireland as a Linguistic Area’, in J. P. Mallory (ed.), Language in Ulster/Ulster Folklife (Ulster Folklife, vol. 45 (Hollywood, Co. Down, Northern Ireland: Ulster Folklife), pp. 36–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, Jane (1978) ‘language Contact Systems and Human Adaptations’, Journal of Anthropological Research, vol. 34, pp. 1–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holt, Dennis and William Bright (1976) ‘La Lengua Paya Y Las Fronteras Lingüisticas de Mesoamérica’, Fronteras de Mesoamérica, 14a Mesa Redonda, 1, Sociedad Mexicana de Antropologfa, México, pp. 149–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hübschmann, Heinrich (1875) ‘Über die Stellung des Armenischen im Kreise der indogermanischen Sprachen’, Zeitschrift für vergliechende Sprachforschung, vol. 23, pp. 5–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, Melville (1954) ‘The Areal Spread of Sound Features in the Languages North of California’, Papers from the Symposium on American Indian Linguistics Held At Berkeley, July 7, 1951, pp. 46–56. University of California Publications in Linguistics, vol. 10, pp. 1–68. (Berkeley).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jakobson, Roman (1931) ‘Über die Phonologischen Sprachbünde’, Travaux du Cercle Linguistique de Prague, vol. 4, pp. 234–40 (Réunion phonologique internationale tenue a Prague, 18–21/XII, 1930); reprinted 1971 in Roman Jakobson. Selected Writings, vol. 1 (The Hague: Mouton), pp. 137–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jakobson, Roman (1938) ‘Sur la théorie des affinités phonologiques entre les langues’, Actes du quatrieme congres international de linguists (tenu a Copenhague du 27 août 1“ septembre, 1936), 48–58; reprinted, 1949, as an appendix to Principes de phonologie, by N. S. Troubetzkoy (Paris: Klincksieck), pp. 351–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jakobson, Roman (1944) ‘Franz Boas’ Approach to Language’, International Journal of American Linguistics, vol. 10, pp. 188–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johanson, Lars (1998) ‘Code-Copying in Irano-Turkic’, Language Sciences, vol. 20, pp. 325–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katz, Harmut (1975) Generative Phonologie und phonologische Sprachbünde des Ostjakischen un Samojedischen (Munich: Wilhelm Fink).

    Google Scholar 

  • Konow, Sten (ed.) (1906) Linguistic Survey of India. Calcutta: Superintendent, Government Printing. (Reprint 1967, 1973 (New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass))

    Google Scholar 

  • Kopitar, Jeernej (1829)[1857] ‘Albanische, walachische und bulgarische Sprache’, Jahrbüchern der Literatur, vol. 46, pp. 59–106. Vienna. (Reprinted 1857: Kleinere Schriften sprachwissenschaftlichen, geshichtlichen, ethnograpischen, und rechtshistorischen Inhalts in Fr. Miklosich, Theil 1 (Vienna: F. Beck).)

    Google Scholar 

  • Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria (2002) ‘The Circum-Baltic Languages–a Contact-Superposition Zone in the European Periphery’, in Paolo Ramat and Thomas Stolz (ed.), Mediterranean Languages: Papers from the MEDTYP Workshop, Tirrenia, June 2000 (Bochum: Brockmeyer), pp. 209–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria and Bernhard Wälchli (2001) ‘The Circum-Baltic Languages: An Areal-Typological Approach’, in Osten Dahl and Maria KoptjevskajaTamm (eds), Circum-Baltic Languages (Amsterdam: John Benjamins), pp. 615–750.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kroskrity, Paul V. (1993) Language, History, and Identity: Ethnolinguistic Studies of the Arizona Tewa (Tucson: University of Arizona Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn, Adelbert (1861) Beiträge zur vergleichendem Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der arischen, celtischen und slawischen Sprachen (Berlin: Dummler).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuteva, Tania (1998) ‘Large Linguistic Areas in Grammaticalization: Auxiliation in Europe’, Language Sciences, vol. 20, pp. 289–311.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LaPolla, Randy (2001) ‘The Role of Migration and Language Contact in the Development of the Sino-Tibetan Language Family’, in Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald and R. M. W. Dixon (eds), Areal Diffusion and Genetic Inheritance: Problems in Comparative Linguistics, (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 225–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehiste, Ilse (1988) Lectures on Language Contact (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Martinet, André (1956) ‘Diffusion of Languages and Structural Linguistics’, Romance Philology, vol. 6, pp. 5–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Masica, Colin P. (1976) Defining a Linguistic Area: South Asia (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Masica, Colin P. (1992) ‘Areal Linguistics’, in William Bright (ed.), International Encyclopedia of Linguistics (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 108–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matisoff, James A. (2001) ‘Genetic Versus Contact Relationship: Prosodic Diffusibility in South-Easte Asian Languages’, in Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald and R. M. W. Dixon (eds), Areal Diffusion and Genetic Inheritance: Problems in Comparative Linguistics (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 291–327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, Peter (1997) The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics (Oxford: Oxford University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Meillet, Antoine (1921) Linguistique historique et linguistique générale, Collection linguistique publiée par la Société de Linguistique de Paris, 8 (Paris: Champion) (new edition 1975).

    Google Scholar 

  • Meillet, Antoine (1967) The Comparative Method in Historical Linguistics (Paris: Champion) (English translatin 1925: La méthode comparative en linguistique historique Institutet for Sammenlingende Kulturforskning, Publikationer, A, 2, Oslo).

    Google Scholar 

  • Miklosich, Franz von (1861) ‘Die slavischen Elemente im Rumanischen’, Denkschriften der philosophisch-historische Classe Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaft, Wien, Commission, vol. 20, pp. 1–88 (Vienna: K. Gerolds Sohn).

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller, Max (1861) Lectures on the Science of Language (London: Longmans, Green, and Co).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nadkarni, M (1975) ‘Bilingualism and Syntactic Change in Konkani’, Language, vol. 51, pp. 672–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nichols, Johanna (1992) Linguistic Diversity in Time and Space (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Nichols, Johanna (1995) ‘Diachronically Stable Structural Features’, in Henning Andersen (ed.), Historical Linguistics 1993: Selected Papers from the 11th International Conference on Historical Linguistics (Amsterdam: John Benjamins), pp. 337–56.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Nichols, Johanna (1997) ‘Modeling Ancient Population Structures and Movement in Linguistics’, Annual Review of Anthropology, vol. 26, pp. 359–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nichols, Johanna (1998) ‘The Eurasian Spread Zone and the Indo-European Dispersal’, in Roger Blench and Matthew Spriggs (eds), Archaeology and Language II: Archaeological Data and Linguistic Hypotheses (London: Routledge), pp. 220–66.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Powell, John Wesley (1891) Indian Linguistic Families of America North of Mexico. Seventh annual report, Bureau of American Ethnology, 1–142 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office); reprinted 1966 in Franz Boas: Introduction to Handbook of American Indian Languages; J. W. Powell: Indian Linguistic Families of America North of Mexico, in Preston Holder (Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramanujan, A. K. and Colin Masica (1969). ‘Toward a Phonological Typology of the Indian Linguistic Area’, in Thomas Sebeok (ed.), Current Trends in Linguistics, vol. 5 (The Hague: Mouton), pp. 543–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramat, Paolo (2002) ‘Introduction’, in Paolo Ramat and Thomas Stolz (eds.), Mediterranean Languages: Papers from the MEDTYP Workshop, Tirrenia, June 2000 (Bochum: Brockmeyer), pp. ix-xv.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramat, Paolo and Thomas Stolz (eds) (2002) Mediterranean Languages: Papers from the MEDTYP Workshop, Tirrenia, June 2000 (Bochum: Brockmeyer).

    Google Scholar 

  • Reiter, Norbert (1991) ‘Ist der Sprachbund ein Werk des Satans?’, Zeitschrift für Balkanologie, vol. 26, pp. 43–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Renfrew, Colin (2000) ‘At the Edge of Knowability: Towards a Prehistory of Languages’, Cambridge Archaeological Journal, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 7–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sandfeld, Kristian (1902) ‘Der Schwand des Infinitivs im Rumänischen und den Balkansprachen’, Jahresbericht des Instituts für rumänische Sprache zu Leipzig, vol. 9, pp. 75–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandfeld, Kristian (1912) ‘Notes sur les calques linguistiques’, Festschrift Vilhelm Thomsen (Leipzig), pp. 166–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandfeld, Kristian (1930) Linguistique balkanique: Problemes et resultants, Collection Linguistique, Publication par la Société de Linguistique de Paris, 31 (Paris: Champion).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandfeld, Kristian (1934) ‘Notes de syntaxe comparée des langues balkaniques’, Revue Internationale des Études Balkaniques, vol. 1, pp. 100–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandfeld, Kristian (1938) ‘Les interférences linguistiques’, Actes du quatrieme congres international de linguists (held in Copenhagen 27 August-1 September 1936) (Copenhagen), pp. 60–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarhimaa, Anneli (1991) ‘Karelian Sprachbund? Theoretical Basis of the Study of Russian/Baltic-Finnic contacts’, Finnisch-Ugrische Forschungen, vol. 50, pp. 209–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaller, Helmut Wilhelm (1975) Die Balkansprachen: Eine Einführung in die Balkanphi-lologie (Heidelberg: Winter).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schleicher, August (1850) Die Sprachen Europas in systematischer Übersicht: linguistische Untersuchungen (Bonn: H. B. König).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, Johannes (1872) Die Verwandtscha ftverhältnisse der indogermanischen Sprachen (Weimar).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schuchart, Hugo Ernst Mario (1866–8) Der Vokalismus des Vulgärlateins. vols. 1–2, 1866–77; vol. 3, 1868 (Leipzig: Teubner).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sebeok, Thomas (1950) ‘The Importance of Areal Linguistics in Uralic Studies’, Memoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne, vol. 98, pp. 99–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seidel, Eugen (1965) ‘Zur Problematik des Sprachbundes’, Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft, Volkskunde und Literaturforschung, W. Steinitz zum 60. Geburtstag (Berlin), pp. 372–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherzer, Joel (1973) ‘Areal linguistics in North America’, in Thomas Sebeok (ed.), Current Trends in Linguistics, vol. 10 (The Hague: Mouton), pp. 749–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherzer, Joel (1976) An Areal-Typological Study of American Indian Languages North of Mexico (Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Co.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanford, C. B. (1998) ‘The Social Behavior of Chimpanzees and Bonobos’, Current Anthropology, vol. 39, pp. 399–407.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stolz, Thomas (2002) ‘No Sprachbund Beyond this Line! On the Age-Old Discussion of How to Define a Linguistic Area’, in Paolo Ramat and Thomas Stolz (eds), Mediterranean Languages: Papers from the MEDTYP Workshop, Tirrenia, June 2000 (Bochum: Brockmeyer), pp. 259–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomason, Sarah G. (2001) Language Contact: An Introduction (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Thomason, Sarah G. and Terrence Kaufman (1988) Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics (Berkeley: University of California Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Toman, Jindrich (1995) The Magic of a Common Language (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tosco, M (2000) ‘Is There An Ethiopian Language Area?’, Anthropological Linguistics, vol. 42, pp. 329–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trask, R. L. (2000) The Dictionary of Historical and Comparative Linguistics (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Trubetzkoy, Nikolai Sergeevich (1923) ‘Vavilonskaja bashnja I smeshenie jazykov’ [The Tower of Babel and the confusion of languages], Evrazijskij vremennik, vol. 3, pp. 107–24. [Cited in Toman 1995.]

    Google Scholar 

  • Trubetzkoy, Nikolai Sergeevich (1928) [Proposition 16]. Acts of the First International Congress of Linguists, 17–18. (Leiden).

    Google Scholar 

  • Trubetzkoy, Nikolai Sergeevich (1931) ‘Phonologie und Sprachgeographie’, Travaux de Circle Linguistique de Prague, vol. 4, pp. 228–34. (French translation, 1949, reprinted 1970: appendix to Principes de Phonologie (Paris: Klincksieck), pp. 343–50.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Trubetzkoy, Nikolai Sergeevich (1939) ‘Gedanken über das Indogermanenproblem’, Acta Linguistica, vol. 1, pp. 81–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trudgill, Peter (1983) On Dialect: Social and Geographic Perspectives (New York: New York University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • van der Auwera, Johan (1998a) ‘Revisiting the Balkan and Meso-American Linguistic Areas’, Language Sciences, vol. 20, pp. 259–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van der Auwera, Johan (1998b) ‘Conclusions’, in Johan van der Auwera (ed.), Adverbial Constructions in the Languages of Europe (Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter), pp. 813–36.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Velten, H. V. (1943) ‘The Nez Perce Verb’, Pacific Northwest Quarterly, vol. 34, p. 271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vendryes, Joseph (1968)[1921] Le langage: Introduction linguistique à l’histoire (Paris: Albin Michel).

    Google Scholar 

  • Voegelin, Carl F. (1945) ‘Influence of Area in American Indian Linguistics’, Word, vol. 1, pp. 54–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Voegelin, Carl F. (1961) ‘Culture Area: Parallel With Typological Homogeneity and Heterogeneity to North American Language Families’, Kroeber Anthropological Society Papers, vol. 25, pp. 163–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, H. (1964) ‘Nordeuropäische Lautgeographie’, Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie, vol. 29, pp. 225–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watkins, Calvert (2001) ‘An Indo-European Linguistic Area and Its Characteristics: Ancient Anatolia. Areal Diffusion as a Challenge to the Comparative Method?, in Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald and R. M. W. Dixon (eds), Areal Diffusion and Genetic Inheritance: Problems in Comparative Linguistics (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 44–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinreich, Uriel (1953) Languages in Contact: Findings and Problems (New York: Linguistic Circle of New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitney, William Dwight (1868) Language and the Study of Language (New York: Scribner & Co.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitney, William Dwight (1875) The Life and Growth of Language (New York: D. Appleton & Co.) (Reprinted 1979: New York: Dover).

    Google Scholar 

  • Winter, Werner (1973) ‘Areal Linguistics: Some General Considerations’, in Thomas Sebeok (ed.), Current Trends in Linguistics, vol. 11 (The Hague: Mouton), pp. 135–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wintschalek, Walter (1993) Die Areallinguistik am Beispiel syntaktischer Übereinstim-mungen im Wolga-Kama-Areal, Studia Uralica, 7 (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolff, Hans (1959) ‘Subsystem Typologies and Areal Linguistics’, Anthropological Linguistics, vol. 1, no. 7, pp. 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeps, Valdis (1962) Latvian and Finnic Linguistic Convergences, Uralic and Altaic series, 9 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2006 Lyle Campbell

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Campbell, L. (2006). Areal Linguistics: A Closer Scrutiny. In: Matras, Y., McMahon, A., Vincent, N. (eds) Linguistic Areas. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230287617_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics